Sustainable aquafeeds: Progress towards reduced reliance upon marine ingredients in diets for farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)
Sustainable aquafeeds: Progress towards reduced reliance upon marine ingredients in diets for farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)
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DOI：
10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.01.040
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发表时间：
2011-04-04
期刊：
影响因子：
4.5
通讯作者：
Jobling, Malcolm
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bendiksen, Eldar Asgard;Johnsen, Chris Andre;Jobling, Malcolm
鲑鱼养殖业一直被批评为海洋资源的净消费者，其形式是饲料中使用的鱼粉（FMs）和鱼油（FOs）。尽管人们努力用植物蛋白和植物油等替代品替代鱼油和鱼油，但两者的平衡仍然普遍为负，计算出的鱼进鱼出（FIFO）值通常超过4。本文报道了一项鱼粉和鱼油替代研究，在高能量膨化鲑鱼饲料中，鱼粉含量最高为20%，最低为10%，其中50%的饲料油来自蔬菜（油菜籽）。此外，饲料中一半的鱼油是从鱼类加工废料中回收的油（鲱鱼内脏青贮油），另一半是原始鱼油（鲱鱼和凤尾鱼油的混合物）。在为期9个月的试验中，对鱼的生长和饲料利用率进行了评估，在此期间，鱼的体重从约1.2公斤增加到约4.6公斤。在生长、饲料利用率和死亡率方面，不同饲料处理之间没有显著差异，用植物蛋白替代FM不会影响饲料营养物质的生物利用度。饲喂鱼粉替代水平最高的饲料（FM10）的鲑鱼，鱼片蛋白的净产量相对于饲料投入的鱼粉蛋白质，这表明鱼粉供应并不是严重限制生产数量和效率的主要因素。在饲料油中加入50%的鱼油，确保鲑鱼鱼片所含的n-3高度不饱和脂肪酸（n-3 HUFAs）的水平从消费者的角度来看是足够的（每100克鱼片至少含有1.5克n-3 HUFAs），从人体健康的角度来看，n-6与n-3脂肪酸的比例（约0.65）也是有利的。根据生产所有FOs所需的鱼的数量（FIFO 3.03-3.59）和生产饲料中包含的原始FOs所需的鱼的数量（FIFO 1.53-1.83），以先进先出法评估海洋鱼类资源的净消耗。基于营养比例的计算得出了积极的结果，所有处理的鲑鱼沉积的鱼片脂肪都超过了原始鱼油的消耗量。结论是，FOs的供应比FMs的供应对鲑鱼饲料配方的限制更大。这项研究的结果还表明，增加对鱼类加工副产品的利用，有可能减少由于直接用于生产食物残渣和食物残渣的小型远洋海洋鱼类数量减少而导致的部分预期的食物残渣短缺。(C) 2011 Elsevier B.V.版权所有
The salmon farming industry has been criticised for being a net consumer of marine resources, in the form of fishmeals (FMs) and fish oils (FOs) used in feeds. Despite the efforts made to replace FM and FO with alternatives, such as vegetable proteins and oils, the balance is still generally negative, with calculated fish in-fish out (FIFO) values often being over 4. This paper reports on a FM and FO replacement study, with maximum 20 and minimum 10% FM inclusion in high-energy, extruded salmon feeds, and in which 50% of the feed oil was of vegetable origin (rapeseed). Further, half of the dietary FO was oil reclaimed from fish processing waste (herring offal silage oil), the other half being pristine FO (blend of herring and anchoveta oils). Growth and feed utilisation were assessed in a 9 month trial, during which fish weight increased from ca. 1.2 kg to ca. 4.6 kg. There were no significant differences between feed treatments with respect to growth, feed utilisation and mortality, and replacement of FM with vegetable proteins did not compromise the bioavailability of feed nutrients. Salmon given the feed with the highest level of fishmeal replacement (FM10) had a net production of fillet protein relative to feed input in the form of protein derived from FM, indicating that FM supply is not a major factor that would impose serious limits on the quantity and efficiency of production. The inclusion of FO as 50% of the feed oils ensured that the salmon fillets contained levels of n-3 highly-unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFAs) that would be considered adequate from a consumer perspective (at least 1.5 g n-3 HUFAs per 100 g fillet) and the ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids (ca. 0.65) was also favourable from a human health point of view. There was net consumption of marine fish resources when assessed as FIFO calculated on the basis of the amounts of fish required to produce all FOs (FIFO 3.03-3.59) and on fish needed to produce pristine FOs included in the feeds (FIFO 1.53-1.83). Calculations based upon nutrient ratios gave positive outcomes, and salmon in all treatments deposited more fillet fat than the amount of pristine FO consumed. It is concluded that supplies of FOs impose greater limitations on the formulation of salmon feeds than do supplies of FMs. The results of the study also indicate that increased use of fish processing by-products has the potential to reduce some of the predicted short-fall in FOs resulting from reductions in the amounts of small, pelagic marine fish species rendered directly for the production of FMs and FOs. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.