Evaporation and surface temperature
Evaporation and surface temperature
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DOI：
10.1002/qj.49710745102
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发表时间：
2007-07
影响因子：
8.9
通讯作者：
J. Monteith
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Monteith
根据牛津词典，术语“气象学”和“气象学家”开始使用约1620年，但气象学作为科学的发展不得不等待更晚的物理学发展，特别是在热和热力学方面，在18世纪末和19世纪。在整个世纪，观察和记录天气为乡村牧师提供了一个亲切的爱好，而实验气象学的短途旅行是罕见的。例如，与当代天文学的进步相比，他们似乎有些天真。数学知识的埃德蒙哈雷，适用于轨道的天体，是几代人之前，他的贡献物理蒸发记录在哲学学报的皇家学会。1687年的那卷书中有一篇论文，题目是：“太阳的温暖使海洋中产生的蒸汽量的估计;根据皇家学会最近一次会议上展示的一个实验得出。”哈雷写道：“空气介质中含有大量的水蒸气，这一点从有时观测到的大雨和太阳落下，似乎是非常明显的。但这些蒸汽上升的比例据我所知，它还没有在任何地方得到很好的研究，尽管它似乎是真实的和哲学气象学的最必要的成分之一，因此值得这个尊敬的社会考虑。我们现在认识到，自然蒸发的物理学不仅是气象学的必要组成部分，而且也是海洋学和水文学的必要组成部分，所以我希望这个主题似乎适合作为总统向这个光荣的社会发表讲话的主题。不幸的是，帝国理工学院的消防条例阻止我重复哈雷的实验。他拿了一锅约4英寸深，直径8英寸的水，把它放在燃烧的煤上，并提高温度，“到与我们最热的夏天观察到的空气温度相同的温度，温度计很好地显示了它”。水的重量在2小时内减少了233格令，相当于在12小时内减少了约1/10英寸。这个数字恰好是正确的夏季蒸发在英国，但哈雷的主要推论是，蒸发从地中海必须约5280 x 106吨每天。即使在那些日子里，实验室气象学家的推断有时也相当牵强。
According to the Oxford dictionary, the terms ‘meteorology’and ‘meteorologist’came into use about 1620 but the development of meteorology as science had to wait for much later developments in physics, particularly in heat and thermodynamics, during the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Throughout the seventeenth century, observing and recording the weather provided an amiable hobby for country parsons, and excursions into experimental meteorology were rare. They also seem somewhat naive when compared with contemporary progress in astronomy for example. The mathematical knowledge of Edmund Halley, applied to the orbits of celestial bodies, was generations ahead of his contribution to the physics of evaporation as recorded in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. The volume for 1687 contains a paper entitled ‘An Estimate of the Quantity of Vapour raised out of the Sea by the warmth of the Sun; derived from an Experiment shown before the Royal Society at one of their late Meetings.’Halley wrote:‘That the great quantity of aqueous Vapour contained in the Medium of the Air is very considerable seems most evident from the great Rains and Suns which are sometimes observed to fall... but in what proportions these Vapours rise... has not, that I know of, been any where well examined tho it seems to be one of the most necessary Ingredients of a real and Philosophical Meteorology, and as such to deserve the consideration of this Honourable Society.’We now recognize that the physics of natural evaporation is a necessary ingredient not only of meteorology but of oceanography and hydrology too, so I hope the subject will seem appropriate for a Presidential Address to this honourable Society. Unfortunately, I am prevented from repeating Halley’s experiment by the fire regulations of Imperial College. He took a pan of water about 4 inches deep and 8 inches diameter, placed it on burning coal and raised the temperature ‘to the same degree of heat which is observed to be that of the air in our hottest summers, the thermometer nicely showing it’. The weight of water decreased by 233 grains in 2 hours equivalent to about 1/10 of an inch in 12 hours. This figure happens to be about right for summer evaporation in Britain but Halley’s main inference was that the evaporation from the Mediterranean must be about 5280 x lo6 tons per day. Even in those days, extrapolation by laboratory meteorologists was sometimes rather far-fetched.