Microbiological risk assessment in feedingstuffs for food-producing animals Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Biological Hazards
Microbiological risk assessment in feedingstuffs for food-producing animals Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Biological Hazards
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DOI：
10.2903/j.efsa.2008.720
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发表时间：
2008-07-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
Vanopdenbosch, Emmanuel
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Andreoletti, Olivier;Budka, Herbert;Vanopdenbosch, Emmanuel
应欧洲委员会健康和消费者保护总局的要求，生物危害小组被要求就食用动物饲料中的微生物风险评估发表科学意见，以促进公众健康和动物健康。根据职权范围，本报告不考虑诸如疯牛病/TSE病原体、寄生虫和病毒或真菌和真菌毒素污染等危害。生物危害小组确定沙门氏菌属为动物饲料微生物污染的主要危害。单核细胞增生李斯特菌、大肠杆菌O157: H7和梭状芽胞杆菌是其他危害，饲料被认为是远不那么重要的来源。此外，抗微生物细菌或抗微生物基因可以通过饲料传播。饲料、工业配合饲料、自产谷物和购买的直接饲料是欧盟牲畜饲料的四大类。该报告将工业配合饲料作为沙门氏菌污染风险最高的饲料组，油籽粕和动物源性蛋白是将沙门氏菌污染引入饲料厂和工业配合饲料的主要风险饲料材料。饲料中沙门氏菌污染的数据很少，在大多数研究中，未经加工的谷物报告了沙门氏菌的低流行率，而现有数据表明，未经加工的大豆经常被沙门氏菌污染。由于关于与家庭混合饲料有关的沙门氏菌发生情况的信息有限，生物危害小组建议，应收集更多关于欧盟MS中各种牲畜的家庭混合饲料比例的信息，并确定可能导致沙门氏菌污染的饲料材料来源和家庭混合使用的程序。总体而言，应该获得欧盟饲料生产中沙门氏菌的可比数据，最好是通过基线调查（包括有关饲料材料、配合饲料中沙门氏菌流行率的信息和生产过程的详细信息）。然后，这些数据可用于为改进饲料生产中沙门氏菌控制的决策提供信息。动物吃了被沙门氏菌污染的饲料后会被感染。这可能在一些动物中引起偶然的临床疾病，但主要结果是无症状携带。此外，动物也可能被其他感染沙门氏菌的动物直接感染，或通过污染的环境感染，而污染的环境的原始来源可能是受污染的饲料。沙门氏菌可从动物饲料传播到食用该饲料的动物，并可传播到由该动物制成的食品。不同来源的沙门氏菌感染对动物的相对重要性是不同的。在流行率较低、地方性感染得到良好控制或不存在的地区，受沙门氏菌污染的饲料是将沙门氏菌引入动物食品生产的主要来源。在其他流行率高的地区，虽然难以量化，但与沙门氏菌的其他来源相比，饲料的相对重要性可能较低。在所有情况下，都有可能通过饲料将沙门氏菌引入动物生产，这将损害其他控制措施的效果。虽然大多数国家很少在动物饲料中发现人类中最常见的沙门氏菌血清型，但在饲料中发现的一些血清型也在人类中发现。饲料生产行业在食物链中具有相关作用。为了确保安全饲料的生产，EC法规183/2005指出，“饲料经营者应根据HACCP原则制定、实施和保持永久性的书面程序”。《欧洲饲料制造商指南》和《饲料成分标准》作为良好做法指南出版。在动物饲料生产中应用HACCP原则、GHP和GMP方法具有安全效益。生物危害小组建议，应确保在饲料链上有效实施HACCP原则和GMP/GHP程序。这就要求对再污染进行适当的控制，并确定各个工厂的有效热处理方法。强调了在破碎和渲染厂开始控制的重要性。只要使用足够高的温度和处理时间，湿热可以有效地净化饲料材料，以及配合饲料。在实施了GHP/GMP的地方，再污染的风险被降到最低。比较研究表明，用于成功控制沙门氏菌污染的热处理工艺对其他非孢子形成的食源性病原体也有效。虽然热处理通常被认为是最有效的去污方法，但在某些情况下（例如，蛋类的颗粒饲料），这可能不合适。在这种情况下，对饲料进行化学处理可以提供另一种保护手段。用有机酸混合物或适当浓度的甲醛产品处理饲料成分或配合饲料，可有效减少沙门氏菌和其他生物的污染。此外，化学处理在饲料中有残留的保护作用，这有助于减少再污染，也有助于减少对碾磨和喂料设备以及一般环境的污染。生物危害小组建议对化学饲料去污剂的相对效率及其对饲喂处理过的饲料的动物随后沙门氏菌状态的影响进行更多的研究。此外，用于饲料净化的化学品需要一个标准的测试模型。目的是让饲料制造商不断减少所有食品生产动物饲料中沙门氏菌的发生。建立沿饲料链的沙门氏菌污染的微生物标准是适当的，并建议作为几个工具之一。仅基于对最终产品的检测的饲料安全标准并不是确保没有沙门氏菌污染的有效方法。因此，在饲料生产链的关键阶段建立一个或多个过程卫生标准，包括在最终产品阶段，效率更高。生物危害小组建议，应在粉碎厂、加工厂和饲料厂建立共同的欧盟过程卫生标准，作为基于haccp的具体控制计划的一个组成部分，以最大限度地控制所有食品生产动物物种的沙门氏菌污染。此外，基于ISO6579:2002附录D的方法已被采用为欧盟监测人畜共患沙门氏菌的标准方法，迫切需要对其在饲料中的应用进行验证。在饲料中使用任何替代方法都应经过同等的验证。
Following a request from the Health and Consumer Protection, Directorate General, European Commission, the Panel on Biological Hazards was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on Microbiological Risk Assessment in feedingstuffs for food-producing animals for both public health and animal health. In accordance with the terms of reference, this report does not consider hazards such as BSE/TSE agents, parasites and virus, or contamination by fungi and mycotoxins.The Panel on Biological Hazards identified Salmonella spp. as the major hazard for microbial contamination of animal feed. Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157: H7 and Clostridium sp. are other hazards for which feed is regarded a far less important source. In addition, antimicrobial resistant bacteria, or antimicrobial resistance genes can be transmitted via feed.Forage, industrial compound feed, home-grown cereals and purchased straight feedingstuff are the four major groups of feeds for EU livestock. The report focuses on industrial compound feed as the feed group with the highest risk for becoming contaminated by Salmonella spp. Oil seed meal and animal derived protein are the major risk feed materials for introducing Salmonella contamination to feed mills and industrial compound feed. Data of Salmonella contamination in forage is scarce, and in most studies non-processed cereals are reported to have a low prevalence of Salmonella spp, while available data demonstrates that non-processed soybeans are often contaminated with Salmonella. As there is limited information on the occurrence of Salmonella associated with home-mixing of feeds, the Panel on Biological Hazards recommended that more information should be gathered on the proportion of feed which is home-mixed for the various livestock species in EU MS, and to identify the sources of feed materials and procedures used by home-mixers, which may contribute to contamination with Salmonella. Overall, comparable data on Salmonella in feed production at the EU level should be obtained, preferably by means of a base line survey (including information about prevalence in feed materials, compound feed and details of the production processes). These data could then be used to inform decisions to improve control of Salmonella in feed production.Animals can become infected when fed with Salmonella-contaminated feed. This may cause occasional clinical disease in some animals, but the major outcome is asymptomatic carriage. In addition, animals may also become infected from other Salmonella-infected animals, directly or via a contaminated environment for which the original source could have been contaminated feed. Transmission of Salmonella from animal feed to animals consuming the feed, and to food products derived from the animals has been shown. The relative importance of different sources of Salmonella infections in animals varies. In regions with low prevalence status, where endemic infection is well controlled or absent, Salmonella contaminated feed is the major source for introducing Salmonella into the animal food production. In other regions with high prevalence, although it is difficult to quantify, the relative importance of feed as compared to other sources of Salmonella may be lower. In all situations, there is a possibility of introducing Salmonella in animal production via feed, which would compromise the results of other control measures. Although the most common Salmonella serotypes occurring in humans are seldom found in animal feedstuffs in most countries, some serotypes found in feed are also found in humans.The feed production industry has a relevant role in the food chain. In order to ensure production of safe feed, EC Regulation 183/2005 indicates that "Feed business operators shall put in place, implement and maintain permanent written procedures based on the HACCP principles". The European Feed Manufacturers Guide and the Feed Ingredients Standard were published as a guide to good practices.There are safety benefits from the application of HACCP principles, GHP and GMP approaches in animal feed production. The Panel on Biological Hazards recommended that effective implementation of HACCP principles, and GMP/GHP procedures along the feed chain should be ensured. This requires proper control of recontamination, as well as determination of the effective heat treatments at the individual plants. The importance of starting the control already at the crushing and the rendering plants is emphasised.Moist heat can effectively decontaminate feed materials, as well as compound feed as long as sufficiently high temperatures and treatment times are used. Where GHP/GMP are in place, the risk of recontamination is minimised. Comparative studies suggest that heat treatment processes used to successfully control Salmonella contamination will also be effective for other non spore-forming food-borne pathogens. Although heat treatment is generally recognised as the most effective decontamination method, in some circumstances (e.g. pelleted feed for layers) this may not be appropriate. In such cases, chemical treatment of feed may offer an alternative means of protection. Treatment of feed ingredients or compound feed with blends of organic acids, or with formaldehyde products at suitable concentrations, can be effective in reducing contamination by Salmonella spp. and other organisms. Furthermore, chemical treatment has a residual protective effect in feed, which helps reduce recontamination and also helps reduce contamination of milling and feeding equipment and the general environment. The Panel on Biological Hazards recommended that more research is led on the relative efficiency of chemical feed decontaminants and their effect on subsequent Salmonella status of animals fed on treated rations. Furthermore, a standard test model is required for chemicals used for decontamination of feed.The aim is for the feed manufacturer to continuously reduce the occurrence of Salmonella in feed for all food-production animals. Establishment of microbiological criteria for Salmonella contamination along the feed chain is appropriate and suggested as one of several tools. A feed safety criteria based only on testing of the end product would not be an effective way to ensure absence of Salmonella contamination. Therefore, establishment of one or more process hygiene criteria at critical stages of the feed production chain, including at the end product stage, is more efficient. The Panel on Biological Hazards recommended that common EU process hygiene criteria should be established on crushing plants, rendering plants and feed mills as an integrated part of specific HACCP-based control programmes to maximise the control of Salmonella contamination for all food-production animal species. In addition, the ISO6579:2002 Annex D based method, which has been adopted as the EU standard method for monitoring zoonotic Salmonella spp., should urgently be validated for use in feed. Any alternative method should be equally validated for use in feed.