LytTR Regulatory Systems: A potential new class of prokaryotic sensory system.
LytTR Regulatory Systems: A potential new class of prokaryotic sensory system.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pgen.1007709
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发表时间：
2018-10
期刊：
影响因子：
4.5
通讯作者：
Merritt J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Zou Z;Qin H;Brenner AE;Raghavan R;Millar JA;Gu Q;Xie Z;Kreth J;Merritt J
最常研究的原核生物感觉信号转导系统包括单组分系统、磷酸信号系统、细胞质外功能（ECF）σ因子系统和各种类型的第二信使系统。最近，我们描述了两个独立的感觉系统在变形链球菌中的调节作用，它们共同控制细菌素基因表达、天然感受态发育以及细胞死亡途径，但它们不通过任何目前公认的信号转导范式发挥作用。这些系统，我们称之为LytTR调节系统（LRS），最低限度由两种蛋白质组成，一种来自LytTR家族的转录调节因子和该转录调节因子的跨膜蛋白抑制剂。在这里，我们提供的证据表明，LRS是一个独特的未表征类原核生物的感觉系统。LRS处于基础非活动状态。然而，当LRS膜抑制蛋白失活时，由于LRS调节蛋白与位于LRS操纵子启动子的-35序列上游的直接重复序列的相互作用，触发了自动调节正反馈环。未表征的LRS操纵子由大量革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性细菌以及一些古细菌广泛编码。这些操纵子还包含独特的直接重复序列，紧邻其操纵子启动子的上游，这表明正反馈自动调节是LRS的全球保守特征。尽管LRS操纵子令人惊讶地广泛存在，但唯一表征的例子是S.变种人因此，目前的研究提供了一个有用的路线图，调查LRS功能在许多其他LRS编码生物体。感知由细胞外环境触发的刺激的能力是所有细胞生命的基本要求。对于原核生物，有各种公认的感觉系统类别，用于检测和响应环境刺激。在目前的研究中，我们提供了第一个证据，证明存在一种潜在的新的原核感觉系统，我们称之为LytTR调节系统（LRS）。在这里，我们表明，LRS广泛分布在原核生物中，是不同于其他通常研究的感觉系统，如双组分信号转导系统和ECF西格玛因子系统。目前，只有两个LRS的典型例子，都来自变形链球菌。我们采用这些LRS作为模型，首先定义LRS的关键特征，然后证明其中一些特征可能在其他生物体中的大量未表征的LRS中普遍保守。基于这些数据，我们进一步描述了这些感觉系统可能在不同物种中发挥作用，并说明了如何识别和研究新的LRS的功能。
The most commonly studied prokaryotic sensory signal transduction systems include the one-component systems, phosphosignaling systems, extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factor systems, and the various types of second messenger systems. Recently, we described the regulatory role of two separate sensory systems in Streptococcus mutans that jointly control bacteriocin gene expression, natural competence development, as well as a cell death pathway, yet they do not function via any of the currently recognized signal transduction paradigms. These systems, which we refer to as LytTR Regulatory Systems (LRS), minimally consist of two proteins, a transcription regulator from the LytTR Family and a transmembrane protein inhibitor of this transcription regulator. Here, we provide evidence suggesting that LRS are a unique uncharacterized class of prokaryotic sensory system. LRS exist in a basal inactive state. However, when LRS membrane inhibitor proteins are inactivated, an autoregulatory positive feedback loop is triggered due to LRS regulator protein interactions with direct repeat sequences located just upstream of the -35 sequences of LRS operon promoters. Uncharacterized LRS operons are widely encoded by a vast array of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria as well as some archaea. These operons also contain unique direct repeat sequences immediately upstream of their operon promoters indicating that positive feedback autoregulation is a globally conserved feature of LRS. Despite the surprisingly widespread occurrence of LRS operons, the only characterized examples are those of S. mutans. Therefore, the current study provides a useful roadmap to investigate LRS function in the numerous other LRS-encoding organisms. The ability to sense stimuli triggered by the extracellular environment is a fundamental requirement of all cellular life. For prokaryotes, there are a variety of recognized classes of sensory systems that are used to detect and respond to environmental stimuli. In the current study, we provide the first evidence for the existence of a potentially new class of prokaryotic sensory system, which we refer to as LytTR Regulatory Systems (LRS). Here, we show that LRS are broadly distributed among prokaryotes and are distinct from the other commonly studied sensory systems like two-component signal transduction systems and ECF sigma factor systems. Presently, there are only two characterized examples of LRS, both from Streptococcus mutans. We employ these LRS as models to first define the key features of LRS and then demonstrate how some of these characteristics are likely universally conserved among the plethora of uncharacterized LRS in other organisms. Based upon these data, we further describe how these sensory systems are likely to function in diverse species and illustrate how to identify and investigate the function of novel LRS.
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