Operational response and hazards assessment during the 2014-2015 volcanic crisis at Baroarbunga volcano and associated eruption at Holuhraun, Iceland
Operational response and hazards assessment during the 2014-2015 volcanic crisis at Baroarbunga volcano and associated eruption at Holuhraun, Iceland
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DOI：
10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.106753
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发表时间：
2020-01-15
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
Vogfjord, K.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Barsotti, S.;Oddsson, B.;Vogfjord, K.
2014年8月16日，冰岛瓦特纳冰盖西北部的巴罗阿尔本加破火山口东部下方开始发生强烈地震群，标志着一次重大裂谷事件的开始。强烈的地震活动，由复杂的变形模式证实，从Baroarbunga破火山口迁移了45公里以上，直到8月29日在冰盖外的Holuhraun开始发生持续几个小时的小喷发。8月31日，第二次更强烈的喷发开始了。它持续了180天，是自1783-1784年拉基事件以来冰岛最大的喷发。在高地中部有一个覆盖约84 km（2）的熔岩区，体积约为1.44 km（3）。虽然冰融化和随后的洪水以及火山灰沉降物的潜在危险是危机开始时的主要关切，但主要的相关危险是大量和不断释放的火山气体，污染了该国，威胁人类健康和环境达数月之久。很少（或几乎没有）产生灰。如果与2010年埃亚菲亚德拉冰盖爆发时发生的情况相比，冰岛以外的Holuhraun火山爆发的影响微不足道。然而，有三次裂缝喷发释放的密集气云到达了一些欧洲国家，在那里测量到地面上异常高的二氧化硫浓度。管理和生活与这样一个长期的热情洋溢的事件是一个重大的努力，冰岛科学界和民防当局，它显着影响当地人口在北方和东部地区的国家。本文追溯了主要事件，伴随着火山危机在Baroarbunga和重点的科学和操作响应提供了整个持续时间。特别注意观察到的现象、监测工作、危害评估和负责风险和缓解评估的当局采取的具体行动之间的直接联系。本文阐明了所涉机构的不同作用，并解释了在国家基础上的广泛和协作反应。这一事件后分析的一个主要发现是，科学界和业务机构之间的强有力的内部合作是适当的危机管理的基本要素。冰岛制定了一些议定书，尽管这些议定书并不完善，但确保了对霍卢赫劳恩火山爆发和之前的动乱作出协调一致的反应，并将继续对今后的事件作出迅速和有效的反应。已经提出了一些重要的认识，包括需要一个适当的地面警戒级别系统，这些认识将是一个需要进一步发展的问题。(C)2019爱思唯尔B. V.保留所有权利。
On August 16, 2014, an intense seismic swarm started below the eastern part of Baroarbunga caldera in the north-western part of Vatnajokull ice cap, Iceland, marking the onset of a major rifting event. The intense seismicity, corroborated by a complicated deformation pattern, migrated away from the Baroarbunga caldera for >45 km, until a small effusive eruption started in Holuhraun, outside of the ice cap, on August 29 which lasted a few hours. On August 31 a second, more intense, eruption started. It lasted 180 days and is the largest effusive eruption in Iceland since the Laki event in 1783-1784. A lava field covered about 84 km(2) in the middle of the highlands with a bulk volume of similar to 1.44 km(3). Although the potential danger of ice melting and subsequent flooding coupled with tephra fallout was the main concern at the beginning of the crisis, the main associated hazard turned out to be an abundant and constant release of volcanic gases that polluted the country threatening human health and the environment for several months. Very little (or almost no) ash was produced. The impact of the Holuhraun eruption outside of Iceland was minor if compared with what happened in 2010 when Eyjafjallajokull erupted. However, on three occasions the dense gas cloud released by the fissure eruption reached some European countries where unusually high SO2 concentrations were measured at ground level. Managing and living with such a prolonged effusive event was a major effort for the Icelandic scientific community and civil protection authorities and it significantly affected the local population in the northern and eastern parts of the country.This paper retraces the main events that accompanied the volcanic crisis at Baroarbunga and focuses on the scientific and operative response provided throughout its duration. Particular attention is given to the direct links between the observed phenomena, monitoring effort, hazard assessment and concrete actions taken by the authorities in charge of risk and mitigation assessment. The different roles of the involved institutions are clarified, and the wide and collaborative response on a national basis is explained.A major finding of this post-event analysis is that a strong internal collaboration between the scientific community and operative institutions is the basic element for proper crisis management. Iceland has established protocols that, while imperfect, ensured a well-coordinated response to the Holuhraun eruption and the preceding unrest, and will continue to provide a prompt and effective response for future events. Important realizations, including the need for a proper ground-based alert level system, have been raised and they will be a matter for further development. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.