Sustainable Resource Development in the Arctic: Using Export Trade Agreements to Restrict Environmentally Harmful Subsidies
Sustainable Resource Development in the Arctic: Using Export Trade Agreements to Restrict Environmentally Harmful Subsidies
复制标题
北极的可持续资源开发：利用出口贸易协定限制对环境有害的补贴
DOI：
10.1017/s0032247419000524
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发表时间：
2020
期刊：
影响因子：
0.8
通讯作者：
Tomohiko Kobayashi
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
北村泰三;安藤由香里;佐々木亮;Tomohiko Kobayashi
尽管北极正在成为能源开发和海上运输的一个有前景的地区，但航行安全仍然是一个持续且日益增长的问题。国际贸易法规如何确保北海航线（NSR）自然资源的安全运输和北极地区的可持续发展？对于造船厂来说，政府的支持几乎是不可避免的，特别是在竞争激烈的市场中。造船厂建造在北冰洋航行的大型船舶。然而，过度的出口竞争很快就会导致不合格产品的过度生产和出口。假设即使北海航道发生一起事故，也可能对整个北极地区的动植物群造成灾难性影响，不合格船舶的使用可能会对环境造成重大风险和潜在损害。尽管世界贸易组织（WTO）对此有详细的规则和有效的争端解决机制，但WTO争端的历史证明，WTO程序有时会带来意想不到的后果。作为替代方案，结合世贸组织和经济合作与发展组织 (OECD) 下的谈判，本文提出了达成临界质量协议的可能性，以相互允许政府为船舶提供更灵活的支持，前提是船舶具有卓越的环境绩效。
Although the Arctic is emerging as a promising region for energy development and maritime transportation, navigational safety is a persistent and growing concern. What can international trade regulations do to ensure the safe transportation of natural resources on the Northern Sea Route (NSR) and the sustainable development of the Arctic region? Government support is almost inevitable for shipyards, particularly in a highly competitive market. Shipyards build large-scale vessels that navigate the Arctic Ocean. However, excessive export competition will soon lead to over-production and exportation of substandard products. Assuming that even a single incident in the NSR could have a disastrous impact on the flora and fauna of the entire Arctic region, the potential for substandard vessel use represents a significant risk and potential damage to the environment. Although the World Trade Organization (WTO) has detailed rules for this purpose with an effective dispute settlement mechanism, the history of WTO disputes has proven that WTO proceedings sometimes result in unintended consequences. As an alternative option, along with negotiations under the WTO and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), this paper suggests the possibility of a critical mass agreement to mutually allow more flexible government support for vessels only if they have superior environmental performance.