Ontogenetic scaling patterns and functional anatomy of the pelvic limb musculature in emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae).
Ontogenetic scaling patterns and functional anatomy of the pelvic limb musculature in emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae).
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作者：
Lamas LP;Main RP;Hutchinson JR
鸸鹋（Dromaius novaehollaniensis）是一种完全陆生的两足爬行平胸类动物，具有与人类相似的生物力学特性。它们的生长速度令人印象深刻，因为它们的体重从孵化到成年增加了80倍，同时在整个生命中保持相同的运动模式。这些个体发育特征刺激的策略，使鸸鹋，以科普其快速增长和运动，这可以部分地通过缩放（异速生长）形态分析的生物力学问题。在这项研究中，我们收集了骨盆肢体解剖数据（肌肉结构，肌腱长度，肌腱质量和骨长度），并计算肌肉生理横截面积（PCSA）和平均肌腱横截面积从鸸鹋在三个个体发育阶段（n = 17，体重从3.6至42公斤）。通过简化主轴回归分析数据，以确定这些形态学的生物力学相关方面如何与体重成比例。肌肉质量和PCSA表现出显着的正异速生长趋势（26和27的34块肌肉分别）和肌束长度表现出更混合的缩放模式。长肌腱的主要手指屈肌缩放与正异速生长的所有特征，而其他肌腱表现出不太清楚的缩放模式。最后，四肢的两个较长的骨头（胫跗骨和跗跖骨）也表现出积极的异速生长的长度，和其他两个（股骨和第一趾骨的第三手指）有走向等距的趋势。这些结果表明，鸸鹋的经验，在他们的肌肉力量产生能力的相对增加，以及潜在的增加他们的肌腱的力量维持能力，因为他们的成长。此外，我们已经澄清了解剖学描述，并提供插图的骨盆肢肌肉肌腱单位在鸸鹋。
Emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) are exclusively terrestrial, bipedal and cursorial ratites with some similar biomechanical characteristics to humans. Their growth rates are impressive, as their body mass increases eighty-fold from hatching to adulthood whilst maintaining the same mode of locomotion throughout life. These ontogenetic characteristics stimulate biomechanical questions about the strategies that allow emus to cope with their rapid growth and locomotion, which can be partly addressed via scaling (allometric) analysis of morphology. In this study we have collected pelvic limb anatomical data (muscle architecture, tendon length, tendon mass and bone lengths) and calculated muscle physiological cross sectional area (PCSA) and average tendon cross sectional area from emus across three ontogenetic stages (n = 17, body masses from 3.6 to 42 kg). The data were analysed by reduced major axis regression to determine how these biomechanically relevant aspects of morphology scaled with body mass. Muscle mass and PCSA showed a marked trend towards positive allometry (26 and 27 out of 34 muscles respectively) and fascicle length showed a more mixed scaling pattern. The long tendons of the main digital flexors scaled with positive allometry for all characteristics whilst other tendons demonstrated a less clear scaling pattern. Finally, the two longer bones of the limb (tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus) also exhibited positive allometry for length, and two others (femur and first phalanx of digit III) had trends towards isometry. These results indicate that emus experience a relative increase in their muscle force-generating capacities, as well as potentially increasing the force-sustaining capacities of their tendons, as they grow. Furthermore, we have clarified anatomical descriptions and provided illustrations of the pelvic limb muscle–tendon units in emus.
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影响因子：
0.9
作者：
Gangl, D;Weissengruber, GE;Forstenpointner, G
通讯作者：
Forstenpointner, G
DOI：
10.1163/156854297x00175
发表时间：
1997-05-01
期刊：
NETHERLANDS JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY
影响因子：
--
作者：
Cubo, J;Casinos, A
通讯作者：
Casinos, A
DOI：
10.1098/rspb.2010.1984
发表时间：
2011-06-07
影响因子：
4.7
作者：
Dial, Kenneth P.;Jackson, Brandon E.
通讯作者：
Jackson, Brandon E.
DOI：
10.1098/rstb.2010.0338
发表时间：
2011-05-27
影响因子：
6.3
作者：
Daley, Monica A.;Biewener, Andrew A.
通讯作者：
Biewener, Andrew A.
影响因子：
2.4
作者：
Allen, Vivian;Elsey, Ruth M.;Hutchinson, John R.
通讯作者：
Hutchinson, John R.