"A hitherto unheard-of and harmful thing": Breastfeeding and Violence in Russian Literature
"A hitherto unheard-of and harmful thing": Breastfeeding and Violence in Russian Literature
复制标题
“迄今为止闻所未闻且有害的事情”：俄罗斯文学中的母乳喂养和暴力
DOI：
10.1111/russ.12479
复制
发表时间：
2023
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Maguire M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Maguire M
本文考察了19世纪初至20世纪20年代俄罗斯文学中母乳喂养叙事背景下的母性主体性建构。它借鉴了俄罗斯和西方的历史和当代社会经济背景，以支持其主要论点，即在文学中，母乳喂养和暴力在象征层面上有着内在的联系。作为一个文学比喻，母乳喂养往往被呈现为暴力的对立面（如莎士比亚的《麦克白》和克雷洛夫的《寓言》中分析的段落）或潜在的结构性暴力的延续（如科罗连科、托尔斯泰和陀思妥耶夫斯基的例子）。通过对伊万·拉热奇尼科夫小说的三次详细的细读，（1859年中篇小说《我的医生的鬼脸》），米哈伊尔·沃斯克列先斯基（1858年的小说娜塔莎波德戈里奇），和弗谢沃洛德伊万诺夫（1922年短篇小说《孩子》），我认为，现实主义文学对母乳喂养和母乳喂养的描述既表明了母亲在社会上的脆弱性，也表明了通过母乳喂养和母乳喂养获得的临时自主权甚至庇护所这些做法。我把布迪厄的“象征性暴力”定义和西苏的“白色墨水”和“女性写作”概念应用到俄罗斯母性小说的语境中。俄罗斯现实主义文学中的哺乳母亲形象具有启示性和颠覆性。
This article examines the construction of maternal subjectivity in the context of breastfeeding narratives in Russian literature, from the early 1800s to the 1920s. It draws on historical and contemporary socio‐economic contexts, in Russia and the West, to support its major contention that, in literature, breastfeeding and violence are intrinsically connected at a symbolic level. As a literary trope, breastfeeding tends to be presented either as the antithesis of violence (as in the passages analysed from Shakespeare’sMacbethand Krylov’sFables) or as a continuation of underlying structural violence (with examples from Korolenko, Tolstoy, and Dostoevsky). Through three detailed close readings of fictions by Ivan Lazhechnikov (the 1859 novella “My Doctor’s Grimace”), Mikhail Voskresenskii (the 1858 novelNatasha Podgorich), and Vsevolod Ivanov (the 1922 short story “The Child”), I argue that realist literary depictions of maternal breastfeeding and wet‐nursing demonstrate both the social vulnerability of mothers and the temporary autonomy or even sanctuary gained through these practices. I apply Bourdieu’s definition of “symbolic violence” and Cixous’s notions of “white ink” and “écriture féminine” to the context of Russian maternal fictions. I conclude that the characterization of nursing mothers in Russian realist literature is both revelatory and subversive.