Partially overlapping mechanisms of language and task control in young and older bilinguals.
Partially overlapping mechanisms of language and task control in young and older bilinguals.
复制标题
年轻和年长双语者的语言和任务控制机制部分重叠。
DOI：
10.1037/a0028281
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发表时间：
2012
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Gollan,TamarH
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Weissberger,GaliH;Wierenga,ChristinaE;Bondi,MarkW;Gollan,TamarH
本研究通过询问语言和非语言转换任务是否表现出与年龄相关的衰退相似的模式来验证双语者依赖于执行控制的域一般机制来实现语言控制的假设。30名年轻双语者和30名老年双语者完成了一个提示语言转换任务和一个提示颜色形状转换任务。这两个任务表现出显着的老化效应，但年龄相关的放缓和年龄相关的错误增加显着大于颜色形状比语言任务。在语言任务中，年龄增加了语言转换成本的响应时间和错误，语言混合成本只在响应时间。与此相反，颜色形状的任务表现出一个老化相关的成本增加，只有在混合错误。此外，老年双语者的一个子集不能做的颜色形状的任务，但能够做的语言任务，并表现出显着更大的语言转换成本比匹配的控制。这些差异，以及一些微妙的相似之处，在老化的影响，观察到跨任务意味着非语言任务和语言控制的机制，只有部分共享，并表现出相对保存的语言控制老化。更广泛地说，这些数据表明，转换和混合成本的年龄赤字可能取决于任务的专业知识，混合赤字出现较少的实践任务和转换赤字高度实践，可能是“专家”的任务（即语言）。
The current study tested the hypothesis that bilinguals rely on domain-general mechanisms of executive control to achieve language control by asking if linguistic and nonlinguistic switching tasks exhibit similar patterns of aging-related decline. Thirty young and 30 aging bilinguals completed a cued language-switching task and a cued color-shape switching task. Both tasks demonstrated significant aging effects, but aging-related slowing and the aging-related increase in errors were significantly larger on the color-shape than on the language task. In the language task, aging increased language-switching costs in both response times and errors, and language-mixing costs only in response times. In contrast, the color-shape task exhibited an aging-related increase in costs only in mixing errors. Additionally, a subset of the older bilinguals could not do the color-shape task, but were able to do the language task, and exhibited significantly larger language-switching costs than matched controls. These differences, and some subtle similarities, in aging effects observed across tasks imply that mechanisms of nonlinguistic task and language control are only partly shared and demonstrate relatively preserved language control in aging. More broadly, these data suggest that age deficits in switching and mixing costs may depend on task expertise, with mixing deficits emerging for less-practiced tasks and switching deficits for highly practiced, possibly “expert” tasks (ie, language).