UPPER OCEAN PHYSICS AS RELEVANT TO ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS - A TUTORIAL
UPPER OCEAN PHYSICS AS RELEVANT TO ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS - A TUTORIAL
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DOI：
10.2307/1941980
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发表时间：
1995-08-01
影响因子：
5
通讯作者：
ARCHER, D
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
ARCHER, D
海洋控制大气二氧化碳浓度是联系浮游生物生态学和气候变化研究的纽带。建立生态系统动力学模型需要对上层海洋的物理和化学有所了解。此外，对预测气候变化所涉及的问题的理解有助于将重点放在生态研究上。本文旨在对与生态系统研究相关的上层海洋物理和化学进行回顾，并对未来生态系统动力学可能做出贡献的气候相关问题进行总结。我们的上层海洋碳循环图景依赖于生态系统动力学，以了解养分吸收和以碳颗粒下沉形式输出的碳的效率，以及回收和输出的颗粒碳产生的比例。一个基本的变量似乎是浮游植物的大小分布。此外，最终，了解钙质和硅质生态系统之间的划分对于预测长期的海洋碳循环可能是重要的。上层海洋的生态系统动力学是由表层海洋混合层动态和光穿透深度之间的相互作用驱动的，这种相互作用通过从物理模型注意到混合层深度的高频波动的影响来说明(Archer等人。1993年)在亚北极太平洋的PAPA气象站开发的生态系统模型(弗罗斯特，1987年)。浮游生物生态学家可以使用三类表层海洋混合层模型，尽管不同模型组发生混合的物理机制不同，但所有模型组都普遍成功地预测了观测到的海洋混合层深度。本文探讨了这三种模型之间的行为差异，并总结了以前发表的关于三种模型的通用性、准确性和计算要求的比较。营养物质是通过营养物质枯竭的表层水和营养丰富的深层水之间的水交换提供给真光层的。目前对这一过程的理解仍然存在问题，平衡养分吸收估计所需的混合速度高于基于湍流研究的预测值，我还回顾了由锋面和中尺度运动驱动的幕式混合可能对垂直营养物质输送的很大一部分负责的证据。
Oceanic control of the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration is the link between the studies of plankton ecology and climate change. Modeling ecosystem dynamics requires some understanding of the physics and chemistry of the upper ocean. In addition, an understanding of the issues involved in predicting climate change can help focus ecological studies. This article is intended as a review of upper ocean physics and chemistry as relevant to ecosystem research, and a summary of climate-related issues to which ecosystem dynamics might in the future make a contribution.Our picture of the carbon cycle in the upper ocean relies on ecosystem dynamics for an understanding of the efficiency of nutrient uptake and export of carbon in the form of sinking carbon particles, and for the fraction of recycled and exported particulate carbon production. A fundamental variable appears to be the size distribution of phytoplankton. Also, ultimately, an understanding of the partitioning between calcitic- and siliceous-based ecosystems may be important to predicting the long-term ocean carbon cycle.Ecosystem dynamics of the upper ocean are driven by the interplay between dynamics of the surface ocean mixed layer and the depth of light penetration, This interplay is illustrated by noting the effect of high-frequency fluctuations in mixed-layer depth from a physical model (Archer et al. 1993) on an ecosystem model developed at weathership station Papa in the subarctic Pacific ocean (Frost 1987). Three families of surface ocean mixed-layer models are available for use by plankton ecologists, and although the physical mechanisms by which mixing occurs differ among the model groups, all are generally successful at predicting the observed ocean mixed-layer depth. This paper explores behavioral distinctions between the three types of models, and summarizes previously published comparisons of the generality, accuracy, and computational requirements of the three models. Nutrients are supplied to the euphotic zone by the exchange of water between nutrient-depleted surface waters and nutrient-rich deeper waters. Current understanding of this process is still problematic, with rates of mixing required to balance nutrient uptake estimates higher than values predicted based on turbulence studies, I also review evidence that episodic mixing, driven by frontal and mesocale motions, may be responsible for a significant fraction of vertical nutrient transport.