Watering our cities: The capacity for Water Sensitive Urban Design to support urban cooling and improve human thermal comfort in the Australian context
Watering our cities: The capacity for Water Sensitive Urban Design to support urban cooling and improve human thermal comfort in the Australian context
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DOI：
10.1177/0309133312461032
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发表时间：
2013-02-01
影响因子：
3.9
通讯作者：
Demuzere, Matthias
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Coutts, Andrew M.;Tapper, Nigel J.;Demuzere, Matthias
城市排水基础设施的设计通常是为了迅速将雨水从城市环境中排出，以最大限度地减少由广泛的不透水地面覆盖造成的洪水风险。通过进口用于灌溉的优质饮用水来解决这一缺口。然而，由于干旱和缺水，城镇有时面临用水限制。这可能会加剧供暖和干燥，并促进不利城市气候的发展。城市发展导致的过度供暖、可用水不足以及未来气候变化的影响可能会危及人类健康和城市居民的舒适性。本文利用现有文献论证了水敏感型城市设计(WSUD)在帮助改善城市地区室外人体热舒适性和支持澳大利亚背景下的气候敏感型城市设计(CSUD)目标方面的潜力。WSUD提供了一种机制，通过雨水收集和再利用来保持城市景观中的水分，同时还通过增强蒸散和地表降温来降低城市温度。研究表明，WSUD功能广泛能够降低气温和改善人体热舒适性，当与植被(特别是树木)结合时，有可能达到CSUD目标。然而，受益的程度(冷却的强度和对人体热舒适性的改善)取决于多种因素，包括当地的环境条件、系统的设计和布置以及周围城市景观的性质。我们建议，WSUD可以为澳大利亚城市环境提供水源，用于景观灌溉和土壤水分补充，以最大限度地发挥现有植被和绿地对城市气候的好处。应战略性地在城市景观中实施WSUD，以高热量暴露区域为目标，定期使用许多分布的WSUD特征，以促进入渗和蒸散，并保持树木健康。
Urban drainage infrastructure is generally designed to rapidly export stormwater away from the urban environment to minimize flood risk created by extensive impervious surface cover. This deficit is resolved by importing high-quality potable water for irrigation. However, cities and towns at times face water restrictions in response to drought and water scarcity. This can exacerbate heating and drying, and promote the development of unfavourable urban climates. The combination of excessive heating driven by urban development, low water availability and future climate change impacts could compromise human health and amenity for urban dwellers. This paper draws on existing literature to demonstrate the potential of Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) to help improve outdoor human thermal comfort in urban areas and support Climate Sensitive Urban Design (CSUD) objectives within the Australian context. WSUD provides a mechanism for retaining water in the urban landscape through stormwater harvesting and reuse while also reducing urban temperatures through enhanced evapotranspiration and surface cooling. Research suggests that WSUD features are broadly capable of lowering temperatures and improving human thermal comfort, and when integrated with vegetation (especially trees) have potential to meet CSUD objectives. However, the degree of benefit (the intensity of cooling and improvements to human thermal comfort) depends on a multitude of factors including local environmental conditions, the design and placement of the systems, and the nature of the surrounding urban landscape. We suggest that WSUD can provide a source of water across Australian urban environments for landscape irrigation and soil moisture replenishment to maximize the urban climatic benefits of existing vegetation and green spaces. WSUD should be implemented strategically into the urban landscape, targeting areas of high heat exposure, with many distributed WSUD features at regular intervals to promote infiltration and evapotranspiration, and maintain tree health.