Evaluation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products as water-soluble molecular markers of sewage.
Evaluation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products as water-soluble molecular markers of sewage.
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DOI：
10.1021/es7030856
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发表时间：
2008-04
影响因子：
11.4
通讯作者：
N. Nakada;Kentaro Kiri;Hiroyuki Shinohara;Arata Harada;K. Kuroda;S. Takizawa;H. Takada
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
N. Nakada;Kentaro Kiri;Hiroyuki Shinohara;Arata Harada;K. Kuroda;S. Takizawa;H. Takada
我们研究了13种药物和个人护理产品（PPCPs）作为河流，地下水和沿海环境中污水污染的分子标志物的效用。PPCP为克罗他米通、布洛芬、萘普生、酮洛芬、非诺洛芬、甲芬那酸、百里酚、三氯生、异丙安替比林、卡马西平、二乙甲苯酰胺、乙苯磺酰胺和咖啡因。在日本37条河流的测量结果表明，克罗米通（r2 = 0.85），卡马西平（r2 = 0.84），布洛芬（r2 = 0.73），甲芬那酸（r2 = 0.67）与集水区的人口的河流通量呈正相关。在玉川河口的三次调查中，克罗他米通、卡马西平和甲芬那酸在0.4-29 ‰的盐度范围内表现出跨季节的保守性，表明它们在沿海环境中作为分子标记物的实用性。酮洛芬和萘普生在河口的去除归因于光降解。利用微生物降解技术去除夏季河口沃茨中的麝香草酚和麝香草酚。三氯生通过微生物降解、光降解和吸附的组合去除。这些结果是一致的河水在25摄氏度在黑暗中培养8天，以检查生物降解和光降解的影响。在东京都市区的地下水中检测到克罗米通（14个样本中有12个），表明废水从破旧的下水道泄漏。地下水中还检测到卡马西平、酮洛芬和布洛芬（5/14）、咖啡因（4/14）和二乙基甲苯酰胺（3/14），而其他羧酸和酚类PPCP未检测到，认为在通过土壤时被去除。所有的数据表明，在淡水和沿海环境中的crotamiton和卡马西平作为保守的标记物的实用性。我们建议将这些保守的标记与不稳定的PPCPs结合起来，以检测处理不当的污水的输入。
We examined the utility of 13 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) as molecular markers of sewage contamination in riverine, groundwater, and coastal environments. The PPCPs were crotamiton, ibuprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen, fenoprofen, mefenamic acid, thymol, triclosan, propyphenazone, carbamazepine, diethyltoluamide, ethenzamide, and caffeine. Measurements in 37 Japanese rivers showed positive correlations of riverine flux of crotamiton (r2 = 0.85), carbamazepine (r2 = 0.84), ibuprofen (r2 = 0.73), and mefenamic acid (r2 = 0.67) with the population in the catchments. In three surveys in the Tamagawa estuary, crotamiton, carbamazepine, and mefenamic acid behaved conservatively across seasons within a salinity range of 0.4-29 per thousand, suggesting their utility as molecular markers in coastal environments. Removal of ketoprofen and naproxen in the estuary was ascribed to photodegradation. Ibuprofen and thymol were removed from estuarine waters in summer by microbial degradation. Triclosan was removed by a combination of microbial degradation, photodegradation, and adsorption. These results were consistent with those of river water incubated for 8 d at 25 degrees C in the dark in order to examine the effects of biodegradation and photodegradation. Crotamiton was detected in groundwater from the Tokyo metropolitan area (12 out of 14 samples), suggesting wastewater leakage from decrepit sewers. Carbamazepine, ketoprofen, and ibuprofen (5/14), caffeine (4/14), and diethyltoluamide (3/14) were also detected in the groundwater, whereas the other carboxylic and phenolic PPCPs were not detected and were thought to be removed during their passage through soil. All the data demonstrated the utility of crotamiton and carbamazepine as conservative markers in freshwater and coastal environments. We recommend combining these conservative markers with labile PPCPs to detect inputs of poorly treated sewage.