Predicting cortical dark/bright asymmetries from natural image statistics and early visual transforms.
Predicting cortical dark/bright asymmetries from natural image statistics and early visual transforms.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004268
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发表时间：
2015-05
影响因子：
4.3
通讯作者：
Norcia AM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Cooper EA;Norcia AM
神经系统是在一个具有结构和可预测性的环境中进化的。感觉系统的普遍原则之一是创造利用这种可预测性的电路。以前的工作已经确定了可预测的非均匀分布的基本视觉特征在自然图像中的视觉系统的编码任务有关。在这里，我们报告了视觉特征的良好统计分布-例如视觉对比度，空间尺度和深度-在明亮和黑暗的图像分量之间存在差异。在此分析之后，我们继续追踪自然图像中的这些差异如何转化为源自视网膜的单独亮（ON）和暗（OFF）通路的皮层输入的不同模式。我们使用这些早期视觉通路的模型将自然图像转换为皮质输入的统计模式。这些模型包括大细胞（M）和小细胞（P）通路的感受野和非线性响应特性，以及它们的ON和OFF通路划分。结果表明，在视觉皮层输入中存在着超出先前从自然图像的直接分析中所认识到的范围的干扰。特别是，几个暗/亮的不对称性提供了一个潜在的帐户最近发现的不对称性，大脑如何处理视觉功能，如违反经典的能量型模型。在我们的分析的基础上，我们预计，在自然图像的暗/亮二分法中起着关键作用的皮质和知觉的不对称性的产生。感官系统必须与自然界中大量的多样性相抗衡。获得对自然界统计特性的详细描述是理解神经系统如何适应其环境的关键部分。在这里，我们报告说，建立良好的统计分布的基本视觉特征，如视觉对比度和空间尺度分歧时，分为明亮和黑暗的组件。暗/亮分离等操作是早期视觉通路的关键特征。通过对这些通路进行建模，我们证明了驱动皮层网络的暗视觉模式和亮视觉模式在许多视觉特征上是不对称的，产生了以前不被欣赏的二阶非线性。这些结果为最近发现的皮层活动的不对称性提供了一个粗略的解释。
The nervous system has evolved in an environment with structure and predictability. One of the ubiquitous principles of sensory systems is the creation of circuits that capitalize on this predictability. Previous work has identified predictable non-uniformities in the distributions of basic visual features in natural images that are relevant to the encoding tasks of the visual system. Here, we report that the well-established statistical distributions of visual features -- such as visual contrast, spatial scale, and depth -- differ between bright and dark image components. Following this analysis, we go on to trace how these differences in natural images translate into different patterns of cortical input that arise from the separate bright (ON) and dark (OFF) pathways originating in the retina. We use models of these early visual pathways to transform natural images into statistical patterns of cortical input. The models include the receptive fields and non-linear response properties of the magnocellular (M) and parvocellular (P) pathways, with their ON and OFF pathway divisions. The results indicate that there are regularities in visual cortical input beyond those that have previously been appreciated from the direct analysis of natural images. In particular, several dark/bright asymmetries provide a potential account for recently discovered asymmetries in how the brain processes visual features, such as violations of classic energy-type models. On the basis of our analysis, we expect that the dark/bright dichotomy in natural images plays a key role in the generation of both cortical and perceptual asymmetries. Sensory systems must contend with a tremendous amount of diversity in the natural world. Gaining a detailed description of the natural world’s statistical regularities is a critical part of understanding how the nervous system is adapted to its environment. Here, we report that the well-established statistical distributions of basic visual features—such as visual contrast and spatial scale—diverge when separated into bright and dark components. Operations such as dark/bright segregation are key features of early visual pathways. By modeling these pathways, we demonstrate that the dark and bright visual patterns driving cortical networks are asymmetric across a number of visual features, producing previously unappreciated second-order regularities. The results provide a parsimonious account for recently discovered asymmetries in cortical activity.
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