EVOLUTION OF SPRINT SPEED IN LACERTID LIZARDS - MORPHOLOGICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL, AND BEHAVIORAL COVARIATION
EVOLUTION OF SPRINT SPEED IN LACERTID LIZARDS - MORPHOLOGICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL, AND BEHAVIORAL COVARIATION
复制标题
DOI：
10.1111/j.1558-5646.1995.tb02321.x
复制
发表时间：
1995-10-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
VANDAMME, R
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
BAUWENS, D;GARLAND, T;VANDAMME, R
生物体的表现能力在表型进化中占有中心地位；它们是由一系列相互作用的低水平性状(如形态和生理)决定的，是自然选择的主要焦点。因此，在进化过程中实现更高水平的生物体表现的机制对于理解总体上的相关进化，特别是共同适应是至关重要的。在这里，我们讨论了形态、生理和行为特征的相关进化，这些特征影响了撕裂类蜥蜴支系中冲刺速度的种间差异。使用独立对比的系统发育分析表明，高最大短跑能力的进化(在光电池计时的赛道上测量)是通过(1)相对于身体大小更长的后肢，以及(2)更高的生理最适短跑温度的进化而发生的。对于体温在活动时经历变化的体温来说，自然界中的短跑能力取决于最大容量和可以达到的相对成绩水平(即，最大容量的百分比)。就温度效应而言，相对性能水平由热生理和体温调节行为之间的相互作用决定。在本研究的13种或亚种蜥蜴中，短跑的最适温度(蜥蜴跑得最快的体温)的差异与物种间中位偏爱体温(以实验室光温梯度测量)的差异非常接近，表明热生理和热偏好的相关进化。在不同物种之间，每个物种维持的偏好体温的变异性与热表现广度(蜥蜴可以相对快速奔跑的体温范围)呈负相关。这种模式导致了物种间相对冲刺速度的差异，蜥蜴在它们喜欢的温度下活动时，预计会达到相对冲刺速度。预测相对表现的最高水平是这样的物种，这些物种结合了狭窄而精确的首选温度分布，以及在广泛的体温范围内以接近最大速度冲刺的能力。观察到的物种间预测相对速度的差异与最大短跑能力的物种间差异呈正相关。因此，获得最高最高速度的物种(1)也能够在较宽的温度范围内以接近最高水平的速度奔跑，(2)还能将体温保持在接近短跑的最佳温度的狭窄区域内。因此，观察到的相关进化模式涉及不同生物组织水平的特征，即形态、生理和行为；权衡并不明显。我们假设，这种特殊的性状组合是对共适应选择压力的反应而进化的。我们还在全球气候变化可能的进化响应的背景下讨论了我们的结果。
Organismal performance abilities occupy a central position in phenotypic evolution; they are determined by suites of interacting lower-level traits (e.g., morphology and physiology) and they are a primary focus of natural selection. The mechanisms by which higher levels of organismal performance are achieved during evolution are therefore fundamentally important for understanding correlated evolution in general and coadaptation in particular. Here we address correlated evolution of morphological, physiological, and behavioral characteristics that influence interspecific variation in sprint speed in a clade of lacertid lizards. Phylogenetic analyses using independent contrasts indicate that the evolution of high maximum sprinting abilities (measured on a photocell-timed racetrack) has occurred via the evolution of (1) longer hind limbs relative to body size, and (2) a higher physiologically optimum temperature for sprinting. For ectotherms, which experience variable body temperatures while active, sprinting abilities in nature depend on both maximum capacities and relative performance levels (i.e., percent of maximum) that can be attained. With respect to temperature effects, relative performance levels are determined by the interaction between thermal physiology and thermoregulatory behavior. Among the 13 species or subspecies of lizards in the present study, differences in the optimal temperature for sprinting (body temperature at which lizards run fastest) closely matched interspecific variation in median preferred body temperature (measured in a laboratory photothermal gradient), indicating correlated evolution of thermal physiology and thermal preferences. Variability of the preferred body temperatures maintained by each species is, across species, negatively correlated with the thermal-performance breadth (range of body temperatures over which lizards can run relatively fast). This pattern leads to interspecific differences in the levels of relative sprint speed that lizards are predicted to attain while active at their preferred temperatures. The highest levels of predicted relative performance are achieved by species that combine a narrow, precise distribution of preferred temperatures with the ability to sprint at near-maximum speeds over a wide range of body temperatures. The observed among-species differences in predicted relative speed were positively correlated with the interspecific variation in maximum sprinting capacities. Thus, species that attain the highest maximum speeds are (1) also able to run at near-maximum levels over a wide range of temperatures and (2) also maintain body temperatures within a narrow zone near the optimal temperature for sprinting. The observed pattern of correlated evolution therefore has involved traits at distinct levels of biological organization, that is, morphology, physiology, and behavior; and tradeoffs are not evident. We hypothesize that this particular trait combination has evolved in response to coadaptational selection pressures. We also discuss our results in the context of possible evolutionary responses to global climatic change.