The role of the basal ganglia in motivated behavior
The role of the basal ganglia in motivated behavior
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DOI：
10.1515/revneuro-2012-0063
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发表时间：
2012-11-01
影响因子：
4.1
通讯作者：
Blaha, Charles D.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Da Cunha, Claudio;Gomez-A, Alexander;Blaha, Charles D.
本文回顾了动机行为的基础和当代理论，以及越来越多的证据表明它们需要基底神经节内的特定功能相互作用。这些证据表明，无条件反应（UR）、条件反应（CR）、目标导向行动和刺激反应（S-R）习惯是在基底神经节中选择的。这种选择取决于编码非条件刺激（US）、条件刺激（CS）、目标和中性刺激（S）的皮质和皮质下神经元对纹状体神经元的激活。这些神经元分别投射到内侧伏隔核（NAc）壳/嗅结节、NAc核心/外侧嗅结节、背外侧纹状体和背内侧纹状体。当基底神经节中的细胞外多巴胺水平发生阶段性增加或减少时，这些突触的强度就会发生改变，这分别表明结果比预期更好或更差。此外，对显着的 US 和具有激励显着性的 CS 做出反应而释放的多巴胺增加了皮质纹状体神经传递的信噪比，从而“激励”了所选动作的表现。纹状体可以选择不同的动作，因为所谓的直接和间接通路的纹状体神经元可以分别通过苍白球/黑丘脑投射到皮层的运动前区和运动区来启动和结束动作。根据这种观点，基底神经节被认为在表达陈述性记忆和程序性记忆所需的动作选择过程中发挥作用，但与免费奖励或动作结果相关的背景、预测刺激或中性刺激的记忆存储在其他地方。
The present paper reviews foundational and contemporary theories of motivated behaviors and the growing body of evidence that they require specific functional interactions within the basal ganglia. Such evidence suggests that unconditioned responses (UR), conditioned responses (CR), goal-directed actions and stimulus-response (S-R) habits are selected in the basal ganglia. Such selection depends on activation of striatal neurons by cortical and subcortical neurons encoding unconditioned stimuli (US), conditioned stimuli (CS), goals and neutral stimuli (S). These neurons project respectively to the medial nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell/olfactory tubercle, NAc core/lateral olfactory tubercle, dorsolateral striatum and dorsomedial striatum. The strength of these synapses is altered when the levels of extracellular dopamine in the basal ganglia undergo phasic increases or decreases, which signal outcomes that are, respectively, better or worse than expected. In addition, dopamine release in response to salient USs and to CSs with incentive salience increases the signal-to-noise ratio of corticostriatal neurotransmission, thus 'energizing' the performance of selected actions. Different actions can be selected in the striatum because the striatal neurons of the so-called direct and indirect pathways can respectively initiate and end actions through pallidum/nigralthalamic projections to premotor and motor areas of the cortex. According to this view, the basal ganglia is thought to play a role in the action-selection processes needed for the expression of both declarative and procedural memories, but the memories of the contexts, predictive stimuli or neutral stimuli associated with free rewards or with an action's outcomes are stored elsewhere.