THEORY OF ATTENTION - VARIATIONS IN ASSOCIABILITY OF STIMULI WITH REINFORCEMENT
THEORY OF ATTENTION - VARIATIONS IN ASSOCIABILITY OF STIMULI WITH REINFORCEMENT
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DOI：
10.1037/h0076778
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发表时间：
1975-01-01
影响因子：
5.4
通讯作者：
MACKINTOSH, NJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
MACKINTOSH, NJ
回顾文献表明，根据选择性注意理论，学习刺激物取决于对刺激物的关注；这可以用两阶段模型来表示，即分析者和学习刺激-反应关联中的s转换。然而，有人认为，通过将刺激特定学习率参数a纳入描述刺激联想强度变化的方程，这一假设同样可以在正式模型中得到很好的体现。先前的选择性注意理论也假设(a) s学会注意和忽略相关和不相关的刺激（即a可能会根据刺激与强化的相关性而增加或减少）；(b)关注不同刺激的概率之间存在反比关系（即，a对一个刺激的增加伴随着a对其他刺激的减少）。第一个假设被用来解释获得性显著性和维度转移现象，第二个假设被用来解释遮蔽和遮挡现象。有人认为，虽然第一个假设得到了数据的证明，但第二个假设却没有得到证明：遮蔽和阻塞可以通过选择适当的规则来改变a来更好地解释，这样，a对刺激的减少表明与其他刺激预测的强化概率没有变化。（65 ref）（PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA，版权所有）
Review of the literature indicates that, according to theories of selective attention, learning about a stimulus depends on attending to that stimulus; this is represented in 2-stage models by saying that Ss switch in analyzers as well as learning stimulus-response associations. It is argued that this assumption, however, is equally well represented in a formal model by the incorporation of a stimulus-specific learning-rate parameter, a, into the equations describing changes in the associative strength of stimuli. Previous theories of selective attention have also assumed that (a) Ss learn to attend to and ignore relevant and irrelevant stimuli (ie, that a may increase or decrease depending on the correlation of a stimulus with reinforcement); and (b) there is an inverse relationship between the probabilities of attending to different stimuli (ie, that an increase in a to one stimulus is accompanied by a decrease in a to others). The first assumption has been used to explain the phenomena of acquired distinctiveness and dimensional transfer, the second to explain those of overshadowing and blocking. It is argued that although the first assumption is justified by the data, the second is not: Overshadowing and blocking are better explained by the choice of an appropriate rule for changing a, such that a decreases to stimuli that signal no change from the probability of reinforcement predicted by other stimuli.(65 ref)(PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)