Assessing local planning to control groundwater depletion: California as a microcosm of global issues
Assessing local planning to control groundwater depletion: California as a microcosm of global issues
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评估控制地下水枯竭的当地规划：加利福尼亚州作为全球问题的缩影
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发表时间：
2012
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通讯作者：
R. Nelson
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作者：
R. Nelson
地下水开采在世界各地造成了地下水的过度枯竭，但规范抽水仍然是一项深刻的挑战。加州使用的地下水比美国其他任何一个州都多，是全球范围内抽水带来的不利影响的一个缩影-地面下沉、水质受损和生态系统受损，所有这些都是针对迫在眉睫的气候变化威胁。国家在很大程度上将枯竭的控制委托给地方一级。这项研究利用国际公认的水资源规划理论，系统地研究了加州控制地下水枯竭的三个关键方面，重点是地方一级的行动：(A)做出决策并让利益相关者参与；(B)监测地下水；(C)使用强制性的、收费的和自愿的方法来控制地下水枯竭(例如，分别采取限制抽水、收取抽水费和开展节水教育)。使用的方法是社会科学衍生的内容分析技术，涉及使用编码方案在地方规则和计划以及国家立法中记录这三个要素，然后分析模式和趋势。研究发现，加州当地地下水管理者很少使用或计划使用强制性和收费措施来控制地下水枯竭。大多数人只使用自愿的方法或基础设施来试图减少枯竭，无论它们是存在更严重的地下水问题，还是更有可能产生不可逆转的不利影响的问题。这项研究借鉴其经验发现，建议对当地地下水规划系统进行法律改革。考虑这些建议的内容也可能有利于使用当地地下水管理规划范例的其他司法管辖区。
Groundwater pumping has caused excessive groundwater depletion around the world, yet regulating pumping remains a profound challenge. California uses more groundwater than any other U.S. state, and serves as a microcosm of the adverse effects of pumping felt worldwide—land subsidence, impaired water quality, and damaged ecosystems, all against the looming threat of climate change. The state largely entrusts the control of depletion to the local level. This study uses internationally accepted water resources planning theories systematically to investigate three key aspects of controlling groundwater depletion in California, with an emphasis on local‐level action: (a) making decisions and engaging stakeholders; (b) monitoring groundwater; and (c) using mandatory, fee‐based and voluntary approaches to control groundwater depletion (e.g., pumping restrictions, pumping fees, and education about water conservation, respectively). The methodology used is the social science‐derived technique of content analysis, which involves using a coding scheme to record these three elements in local rules and plans, and State legislation, then analyzing patterns and trends. The study finds that Californian local groundwater managers rarely use, or plan to use, mandatory and fee‐based measures to control groundwater depletion. Most use only voluntary approaches or infrastructure to attempt to reduce depletion, regardless of whether they have more severe groundwater problems, or problems which are more likely to have irreversible adverse effects. The study suggests legal reforms to the local groundwater planning system, drawing upon its empirical findings. Considering the content of these recommendations may also benefit other jurisdictions that use a local groundwater management planning paradigm.