Optical Stimulation of Neurons.
Optical Stimulation of Neurons.
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DOI：
10.2174/2211555203666141117220611
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发表时间：
2014-07
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Jansen ED
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Thompson AC;Stoddart PR;Jansen ED
我们与神经系统接口的能力仍然压倒性地依赖于电刺激设备，例如可以刺激中枢和外周神经系统的电极阵列和袖带电极。然而，电刺激必须应对多种挑战，包括选择性、空间分辨率、机械稳定性、植入物诱导的损伤和随后的炎症反应。光学刺激技术可以通过提供更具选择性的刺激、更高的空间分辨率和降低的设备侵入性来避免这些挑战中的一些，同时还避免使电刺激神经元活动的记录复杂化的电伪影。本文综述了光刺激技术的现状，包括光遗传学方法、光敏分子方法和红外神经刺激，以及新兴的光电混合刺激、纳米粒子增强刺激和光电方法。红外神经刺激是特别强调，由于直接激活神经组织的红外光的潜力，而不是依赖于引入外源性光响应材料的技术。然而，红外神经刺激仍然不完全理解，并且用于精确地传递光的技术仍在开发中。虽然这里回顾的各种技术证实了光学刺激的整体可行性，但在它们能够发挥其全部潜力之前，仍有许多挑战有待克服。
Our capacity to interface with the nervous system remains overwhelmingly reliant on electrical stimulation devices, such as electrode arrays and cuff electrodes that can stimulate both central and peripheral nervous systems. However, electrical stimulation has to deal with multiple challenges, including selectivity, spatial resolution, mechanical stability, implant-induced injury and the subsequent inflammatory response. Optical stimulation techniques may avoid some of these challenges by providing more selective stimulation, higher spatial resolution and reduced invasiveness of the device, while also avoiding the electrical artefacts that complicate recordings of electrically stimulated neuronal activity. This review explores the current status of optical stimulation techniques, including optogenetic methods, photoactive molecule approaches and infrared neural stimulation, together with emerging techniques such as hybrid optical-electrical stimulation, nanoparticle enhanced stimulation and optoelectric methods. Infrared neural stimulation is particularly emphasised, due to the potential for direct activation of neural tissue by infrared light, as opposed to techniques that rely on the introduction of exogenous light responsive materials. However, infrared neural stimulation remains imperfectly understood, and techniques for accurately delivering light are still under development. While the various techniques reviewed here confirm the overall feasibility of optical stimulation, a number of challenges remain to be overcome before they can deliver their full potential.