Choline and choline esters in human and rat milk and in infant formulas
Choline and choline esters in human and rat milk and in infant formulas
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DOI：
10.1093/ajcn/64.4.572
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发表时间：
1996-10-01
影响因子：
7.1
通讯作者：
Zeisel, SH
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
HolmesMcNary, MQ;Cheng, WL;Zeisel, SH
新生儿器官的快速生长和膜的生物合成需要大量的胆碱。人类婴儿的胆碱大部分来自牛奶。在我们的研究中，成熟母乳中磷胆碱和甘油胆碱的含量高于胆碱、磷脂酰胆碱和鞘磷脂（P < 0.01）。以前的研究没有认识到人乳中存在磷胆碱和甘油磷胆碱。早产和足月婴儿母亲的成熟乳中胆碱化合物的浓度没有显著差异。婴儿配方奶粉也含有胆碱和含胆碱的化合物。在从豆奶或牛奶中提取的婴儿配方奶粉中，未酯化的胆碱、磷脂胆碱、甘油磷脂胆碱、磷脂酰胆碱和鞘磷脂的浓度差别很大。所有婴儿配方奶粉所含的磷胆碱都明显低于母乳。大豆配方奶粉中甘油磷胆碱（P < 0.01）和磷脂胆碱（P < 0.01）含量极显著低于人乳、牛乳和牛乳配方奶粉，磷脂酰胆碱含量极显著高于人乳和牛乳配方奶粉。大鼠奶比人奶含有更多的甘油磷胆碱（几乎占牛奶中总胆碱部分的75%）和磷胆碱。饲喂对照饲粮、胆碱缺乏饲粮或胆碱补充饲粮时，乳成分反映了饲粮的胆碱固着性。由于新生儿对胆碱有相互竞争的需求，因此通过适当的婴儿营养确保胆碱的充足供应是很重要的。尽管婴儿配方奶粉和牛奶中含有充足的游离胆碱部分，但可能需要重新评估其他胆碱酯的浓度，特别是甘油磷胆碱和磷胆碱。
Large amounts of choline are required in neonates for rapid organ growth and membrane biosynthesis. Human infants derive much of their choline from milk. In our study mature human milk contained more phosphocholine and glycerophosphocholine than choline, phosphatidylcholine, or sphingomyelin (P < 0.01). Previous studies have not recognized that phosphocholine and glycerophosphocholine exist in human milk. Concentrations of choline compounds in mature milk of mothers giving birth to preterm or full-term infants were not significantly different. infant formulas also contained choline and choline-containing compounds. In infant formulas derived from soy or bovine milk, unesterified choline, phosphocholine, glycerophosphocholine, phosphatidylcholine, and sphingomyelin concentrations varied greatly. All infant formulas contained significantly less phosphocholine than did human milk. Soy-derived formulas contained significantly less glycerophosphocholine (P < 0.01) and phosphocholine (P < 0.01) and more phosphatidylcholine (P < 0.01) than did human or bovine milk or bovine milk-derived infant formulas. Rat milk contained greater amounts of glycerophosphocholine (almost 75% of the total choline moiety in milk) and phosphocholine than did human milk. When dams were provided with either a control, choline-deficient, or choline-supplemented diet, milk composition reflected the choline cement of the diet. Because there are competing demands for choline in neonates, it is important to ensure adequate availability through proper infant nutrition. Although the free choline moiety is adequately provided by infant formulas and bovine milk, reevaluation of the concentrations of other choline esters, in particular glycerophosphocholine and phosphocholine may be warranted.