Nutrition During Pregnancy and the Effect of Carbohydrates on the Offspring's Metabolic Profile: In Search of the "Perfect Maternal Diet".
Nutrition During Pregnancy and the Effect of Carbohydrates on the Offspring's Metabolic Profile: In Search of the "Perfect Maternal Diet".
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DOI：
10.2174/1874192401105010103
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发表时间：
2011
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Perrea DN
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Tzanetakou IP;Mikhailidis DP;Perrea DN
胎儿的生长和发育主要取决于母亲提供的营养、激素和代谢环境。荷兰的一项战时饥荒研究首次表明，低食物摄入量减少了提供给胎儿的葡萄糖，因此出生时婴儿体型较小。然而，母体葡萄糖调节受多种因素影响，包括妊娠的生理变化（例如胰岛素抵抗[IR]）、病理状况（例如妊娠期糖尿病）和母体营养。母体葡萄糖通过其对血糖的直接影响而受到饮食中碳水化合物类型的显著影响。每种碳水化合物在摄入后升高血糖水平的速率可以通过饮食血糖指数（GI）来测量。碳水化合物类型和GI的饮食增强或抑制异常高血糖症在怀孕期间所造成的病理条件或无力的母亲，以科普生理IR的怀孕。反过来，母体妊娠期高血糖可能参与IR、糖耐量受损、2型糖尿病、代谢综合征和成年后代随后的心血管疾病的发病机制。低GI母体饮食与后代可测量的益处有关。这些包括对改变母体血糖产生、胰岛素血症和减少肥胖以及胎儿和胎盘胰岛素和葡萄糖调节、胎儿生长、出生体重和后代肥胖的积极作用。我们回顾了饮食碳水化合物在怀孕期间的健康和母亲的碳水化合物摄入对规划后代的代谢谱的影响之间可能存在的联系。
Fetal growth and development is primarily dependent upon the nutritional, hormonal and metabolic environment provided by the mother. A wartime famine study in Holland first showed that a low food intake reduces the glucose offered to the fetus and thus produces smaller size infants at birth. Maternal glucose regulation is however affected by numerous factors including physiological changes of pregnancy (e.g. insulin resistance [IR]), pathological conditions (e.g. gestational diabetes mellitus) and maternal nutrition. Maternal glucose is substantially influenced by the type of carbohydrates in the diet through its direct effect on glycemia. The rate at which each carbohydrate raises blood glucose levels after ingestion, can be measured via the dietary glycemic index (GI). Carbohydrate type and the GI of the diet enhance or inhibit abnormal hyperglycemia during pregnancy caused by either pathological conditions or the inability of the mother to cope with the physiological IR of pregnancy. In turn, maternal gestational hyperglycemia may be involved in the pathogenesis of IR, impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, the Metabolic Syndrome and subsequent cardiovascular diseases in adult offspring. A low GI maternal diet has been associated with measurable benefits to the offspring. These include a positive effect on altering maternal blood glucose production, insulinemia and reduced adiposity as well as fetal and placental insulin and glucose regulation, fetal growth, birth weight and offspring adiposity. We review the possible links between dietary carbohydrate in health during pregnancy and the effect of maternal carbohydrate ingestion on programming the offspring’s metabolic profile.