Linguistic and Social Interaction in Two Communities1
Linguistic and Social Interaction in Two Communities1
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两个社区的语言和社会互动1
DOI：
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发表时间：
1964
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
J. Gumperz
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Gumperz
S OCIOLINGUISTICS被描述为根据说话者的社会特征，他们的文化背景以及他们相互作用的环境的生态特性来研究言语行为（Hymes 1962; Ervin-Tripp 1964）。在本文中，我们将探讨这种关系的一些正式方面。我们将研究特定群体的语言使用情况，并试图将其与语言学上不同的方言和风格以及社会互动研究中使用的变量联系起来。我们研究的原始材料是语言形式在日常言语中的分布。正如描述性分析中通常的那样，这些形式首先根据它们在各个层次（音位的、语素的等）的内部模式来描述。（Lamb 1964; Gleason 1964）。然而，最终，这种分析的结果必须与社会类别有关。这一条件对收集数据的方式施加了一些重要的限制。由于社会互动总是发生在特定的群体中，语言源数据必须与这些群体相关联。因此，我们选择一个言语共同体作为我们的分析领域：任何人类群体，其特征是在相当长的一段时间内有规律的、频繁的互动，并因互动频率的差异而与其他此类群体相区别。在这个社会定义的宇宙中，形式被选择用于研究，主要是根据谁使用它们以及何时使用它们，而不考虑纯粹的语法相似性和差异。如果在同一总体中使用了两个语法上不同的选择，则必须将两者都包括在内。另一方面，在那些行为上的社会显著差异是由语法上次要的词汇或音位相关物发出信号的情况下，后者不能从考虑中省略。
S OCIOLINGUISTICS has been described as the study of verbal behavior in terms of the social characteristics of speakers, their cultural background, and the ecological properties of the environment in which they interact (Hymes 1962; Ervin-Tripp 1964). In this paper we will explore some of the formal aspects of this relationship. We will examine the language usage of specific groups and attempt to relate it to linguistically distinct dialects and styles on the one hand and variables employed in the study of social interaction on the other. The raw material for our study is the distribution of linguistic forms in everyday speech. As is usual in descriptive analysis, these forms are first described in terms of their own internal patterning at the various strata (phonemic, morphemic, etc.) of linguistic structure (Lamb 1964; Gleason 1964). Ultimately, however, the results of this analysis will have to be related to social categories. This condition imposes some important restrictions on the way in which data are gathered. Since social interaction always takes place within particular groups, linguistic source data will have to be made commensurable with such groups. We therefore choose as our universe of analysis a speech community: any human aggregate characterized by regular and frequent interaction over a significant span of time and set off from other such aggregates by differences in the frequency of interaction. Within this socially defined universe forms are selected for study primarily in terms of who uses them and when, regardless of purely grammatical similarities and differences. If two grammatically distinct alternatives are employed within the same population, both will have to be included. On the other hand, in those cases where socially significant differences in behavior are signaled by grammatically minor lexical or phonemic correlates, the latter cannot be omitted from consideration.