Anatomical and functional evidence for trace amines as unique modulators of locomotor function in the mammalian spinal cord.

Anatomical and functional evidence for trace amines as unique modulators of locomotor function in the mammalian spinal cord.
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痕量胺作为哺乳动物脊髓中运动功能的独特调节剂的解剖学和功能证据。

DOI:
10.3389/fncir.2014.00134
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发表时间:
2014
影响因子:
3.5
通讯作者:
Hochman S
Hochman S
中科院分区:
医学3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Gozal EA;O'Neill BE;Sawchuk MA;Zhu H;Halder M;Chou CC;Hochman S

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痕量胺 (TA)、色胺、酪胺和 β-苯乙胺是通过芳香族-L-氨基酸脱羧酶 (AADC) 从前体氨基酸合成的。我们探讨了它们在新生大鼠脊髓运动回路的神经调节中的作用。我们首先证明脊髓含有 TA 生物合成 (AADC) 的底物以及通过痕量胺相关受体 (TAAR) 1 和 4 进行受体介导作用的底物。接下来,我们使用体外分离的新生大鼠脊髓检查了 TA 对运动活动的作用。酪胺和色胺最持续地增加运动活动,对运动神经元具有显着的直接作用。在 N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸存在的情况下,所有应用的 TA 都支持运动样活性 (LLA) 的表达,这与通常用血清素观察到的活动没有区别,这表明 TA 作用于共同的中枢模式生成神经元。助教还产生了独特的复杂节奏,其特征是间歇性的 LLA。 TA 对运动回路的作用不需要与下降的单胺能投射相互作用,因为在所有 Na+ 依赖性单胺转运蛋白或囊泡单胺转运蛋白阻断后,诱发的 LLA 得以维持。相反,TA(色胺和酪胺)的作用取决于喷他脒敏感的不依赖于 Na+ 的膜转运蛋白的细胞内摄取。细胞内运输的要求与 LLA 起效比血清素慢得多的 TA 以及细胞内 TAAR 激活的要求一致。为了测试生物合成后的内源性作用,我们用放线菌酮增加了细胞内氨基酸水平。 LLA 出现并包括独特的类似 TA 的情景回合。总之,我们提供了 TA 作为一种内在的脊髓单胺能调节系统的解剖学和功能证据,能够促进独立于下行单胺的运动回路的募集。这些行为支持了它们已知的拟交感神经功能。
The trace amines (TAs), tryptamine, tyramine, and β-phenylethylamine, are synthesized from precursor amino acids via aromatic-L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC). We explored their role in the neuromodulation of neonatal rat spinal cord motor circuits. We first showed that the spinal cord contains the substrates for TA biosynthesis (AADC) and for receptor-mediated actions via trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) 1 and 4. We next examined the actions of the TAs on motor activity using the in vitro isolated neonatal rat spinal cord. Tyramine and tryptamine most consistently increased motor activity with prominent direct actions on motoneurons. In the presence of N-methyl-D-aspartate, all applied TAs supported expression of a locomotor-like activity (LLA) that was indistinguishable from that ordinarily observed with serotonin, suggesting that the TAs act on common central pattern generating neurons. The TAs also generated distinctive complex rhythms characterized by episodic bouts of LLA. TA actions on locomotor circuits did not require interaction with descending monoaminergic projections since evoked LLA was maintained following block of all Na+-dependent monoamine transporters or the vesicular monoamine transporter. Instead, TA (tryptamine and tyramine) actions depended on intracellular uptake via pentamidine-sensitive Na+-independent membrane transporters. Requirement for intracellular transport is consistent with the TAs having much slower LLA onset than serotonin and for activation of intracellular TAARs. To test for endogenous actions following biosynthesis, we increased intracellular amino acid levels with cycloheximide. LLA emerged and included distinctive TA-like episodic bouts. In summary, we provided anatomical and functional evidence of the TAs as an intrinsic spinal monoaminergic modulatory system capable of promoting recruitment of locomotor circuits independent of the descending monoamines. These actions support their known sympathomimetic function.
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