Environmental consequences of agricultural development: a case study from the Green Revolution state of Haryana, India
Environmental consequences of agricultural development: a case study from the Green Revolution state of Haryana, India
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DOI：
10.1016/s0167-8809(00)00219-x
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发表时间：
2000-12-01
影响因子：
6.6
通讯作者：
Singh, RB
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Singh, RB
印度的绿色革命实现了粮食生产的自给自足。然而，在哈里亚纳邦，这导致环境持续退化，特别是土壤、植被和水资源的退化。土壤有机质水平正在下降，化学投入的使用正在加强。新引进的作物品种对投入有反应，但这就需要增加施肥和灌溉，造成硝酸盐和磷酸盐对水的污染以及地下水位的变化。由于82%的地理区域已经被耕种，提高生产力的空间在于进一步集约化，这在很大程度上取决于更多的能源密集型投入。养分利用效率下降、土壤物理和化学退化以及水利用效率低下一直在限制作物生产力，而近年来单一栽培、机械化和过度依赖化学植物保护减少了作物、植物和动物的多样性。大约60%的地理区域面临土壤退化（水涝、盐碱化），这威胁到该地区未来的粮食安全。自1985年以来，地下水位每年上升超过1米，农田开始出现盐碱地。在降雨量较高的地区，情况更糟，降雨后不久就会出现内涝。除了影响农作物外，由于土壤的蓄水能力降低，即使下了小雨，高水位也会造成洪水。这种生态影响促使农民减少化肥和杀虫剂的使用。这导致对替代技术和产品的投资增加，包括对综合虫害管理的兴趣。本文讨论了与生态系统可持续性有关的土壤和水资源的主要物理、水文、化学和生物限制。(C)2000 Elsevier Science B.V.保留所有权利。
The Green Revolution in India has achieved self-sufficiency in food production. However, in the state of Haryana this has resulted in continuous environmental degradation, particularly of soil, vegetation and water resources. Soil organic matter levels are declining and the use of chemical inputs is intensifying. Newly introduced crop varieties have been responsive to inputs but this has necessitated both increased fertiliser application and use of irrigation resulting in water contamination by nitrate and phosphate and changes in the ground water table. With 82% of the geographic area already under cultivation, the scope for increased productivity lies in further intensification which is crucially dependent on more energy-intensive inputs. Declining nutrient-use efficiency, physical and chemical degradation of soil, and inefficient water use have been limiting crop productivity, whilst the use of monocultures, mechanisation and an excessive reliance on chemical plant protection have reduced crop, plant and animal diversity in recent years. About 60% of the geographical area faces soil degradation (waterlogging, salinity and alkalinity) which threatens the region's food security in the future. Since 1985, the water table has risen more than 1 m annually, and patches of salinity have started to appear at the farm level. The situation is worse in higher rainfall areas where waterlogging follows shortly after the rains. Apart from affecting agricultural crops, a high water table causes floods even following slight rains due to the reduced storage capacity of the soil. Such ecological impacts are motivating farmers to reduce fertiliser and pesticides use. This has led to an increased investment in alternative technology and products including an interest in Integrated Pest Management. The paper discusses major physical, hydrological, chemical and biological constraints relating to soil and water resources for ecosystem sustainability. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.