Extreme Value Snow Water Equivalent and Snowmelt for Infrastructure Design Over the Contiguous United States
Extreme Value Snow Water Equivalent and Snowmelt for Infrastructure Design Over the Contiguous United States
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DOI：
10.1029/2020wr028126
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发表时间：
2020-10-01
影响因子：
5.4
通讯作者：
Jacobs, Jennifer M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Cho, Eunsang;Jacobs, Jennifer M.
融雪引发的洪水对当地社区造成了巨大的社会和经济影响，包括美国的基础设施瘫痪。然而，当前的美国政府标准设计降水地图基于液态降水数据(例如，美国国家海洋和大气管理局的降水-频率地图集14；美国国家海洋和大气管理局地图集14)，对融雪引发的洪水的指导非常有限。在这项研究中，我们使用亚利桑那大学(UA)开发的基于长期观测的格网雪水当量(SWE)，结合美国邻近地区的雪水同化系统(SNODAS)，开发了25年和100年雪水当量(SWE)和包括降水事件(例如，雪上雨)的1天和7天融雪的设计地图。对于美国44个拥有NOAA地图集14地图的州，这项研究的设计融雪值超过了总范围的23%的标准设计值。融雪值在美国东北部分别比NOAA Atlas 14设计降水量高出171毫米和254毫米；在美国中北部分别超过127毫米和225毫米；在美国西部山区，25年和100年回归水平分别超过191毫米和425毫米。有降水和不有降水的7天设计融雪的比较表明，考虑降水后，25年和100年的平均融雪量分别比不包括降水的融雪量增加42毫米和68毫米。这项研究的设计融雪地图补充了NOAA Atlas 14设计降水，并为CONUS的融雪引发的洪水的基础设施设计提供了额外的指导。
Snowmelt-driven floods result in large societal and economic impacts on local communities including infrastructure failures in the United States. However, the current U.S. government standard design precipitation maps are based on liquid precipitation data (e.g., National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Precipitation-Frequency Atlas 14; NOAA Atlas 14) with very limited guidance on snowmelt-driven floods. In this study, we developed 25- and 100-year return level design maps of snow water equivalent (SWE) and 1- and 7-day snowmelt including precipitation events (e.g., rain-on-snow) using long-term observation-based gridded SWE developed by University of Arizona (UA) incorporating the national snow model product (SNOw Data Assimilation System; SNODAS) over the contiguous United States (CONUS). For the 44 U.S. states where the NOAA Atlas 14 maps are available, the design snowmelt values from this study exceed the standard design values in 23% of the total extent. The snowmelt values exceed the NOAA Atlas 14 design precipitation by up to 171 and 254 mm in the northeastern United States; 127 and 225 mm in the north central United States; and 191 and 425 mm in the western mountain United States for the 25- and 100-year return levels, respectively. A comparison of 7-day design snowmelt between with and without precipitation shows that including precipitation results in an average increase of 42 and 68 mm for 25- and 100-year return levels, respectively, over snowmelt that do not include precipitation. The design snowmelt maps from this study complement the NOAA Atlas 14 design precipitation and provide additional guidance on infrastructure design for snowmelt-driven floods in the CONUS.