The state of cooperative learning in postsecondary and professional settings
The state of cooperative learning in postsecondary and professional settings
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DOI：
10.1007/s10648-006-9038-8
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发表时间：
2007-03-01
影响因子：
10.1
通讯作者：
Smith, Karl
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Johnson, David W.;Johnson, Roger T.;Smith, Karl
现代合作学习始于20世纪60年代中期（D。W.约翰逊和R.约翰逊，1999年a）。然而，它的使用遭到了社会达尔文主义（他们认为必须教会学生在“狗咬狗”的世界中生存）和个人主义（他们相信“坚固的个人主义者”的神话）的拥护者的抵制。尽管有阻力，合作学习现在是一个接受，往往是首选，在各级教育的教学程序。合作学习正在世界各地的中学后教育中使用。很难找到一本关于教学方法的教科书，一本关于教学的杂志，或者一本没有讨论合作学习的教学指南。关于合作学习的材料已被翻译成几十种语言。合作学习是心理学和教育学的成功案例之一。合作学习最显著的特点之一，也许也是其成功的原因，就是理论、研究和实践之间的密切联系。在这篇文章中，社会相互依存理论将进行审查，验证该理论的研究将进行总结，并需要了解合作的动态和操作验证的理论将讨论的五个基本要素。最后指出了研究中存在的争议以及未来研究需要解决的问题。
Modern cooperative learning began in the mid- 1960s (D. W. Johnson & R. Johnson, 1999a). Its use, however, was resisted by advocates of social Darwinism (who believed that students must be taught to survive in a "dog-eat-dog" world) and individualism (who believed in the myth of the "rugged individualist"). Despite the resistance, cooperative learning is now an accepted, and often the preferred, instructional procedures at all levels of education. Cooperative learning is being used in postsecondary education in every part of the world. It is difficult to find a text on instructional methods, a journal on teaching, or instructional guidelines that do not discuss cooperative learning. Materials on cooperative learning have been translated into dozens of languages. Cooperative learning is one of the success stories of both psychology and education. One of the most distinctive characteristics of cooperative learning, and perhaps the reason for its success, is the close relationship between theory, research, and practice. In this article, social interdependence theory will be reviewed, the research validating the theory will be summarized, and the five basic elements needed to understand the dynamics of cooperation and operationalize the validated theory will be discussed. Finally the controversies in the research and the remaining questions that need to be answered by future research will be noted.