Sulfamethoxazole persistence in a river water ecosystem and its effects on the natural microbial community and Lemna minor plant
Sulfamethoxazole persistence in a river water ecosystem and its effects on the natural microbial community and Lemna minor plant
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DOI：
10.1016/j.microc.2019.103999
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发表时间：
2019-09-01
影响因子：
4.8
通讯作者：
Caracciolo, Anna Barra
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Grenni, Paola;Patrolecco, Luisa;Caracciolo, Anna Barra
磺胺甲恶唑 (SMX) 是一种磺酰胺抗生素，常用于人类和兽医领域，经常作为微污染物在地表水中检测到。通过固相萃取 (SPE) 和随后的 LC MS/MS 测定，评估了意大利河水中这种抗生素及其主要转化产物 N-4-乙酰磺胺甲恶唑 (Ac-SMX) 的存在。在存在和不存在浮萍 (Lemnaminor L.) 的情况下添加 SMX (500 mu g L-1) 进行了河水微观实验，目的是评估抗生素的持久性及其对河流中自然存在的微生物群落的影响在 28 天内的固定时间测量植物中 SMX 和 Ac-SMX 的浓度。还进行了微生物丰度、intI1 基因和植物形态生理学分析。在河水样品中，未检测到 SMX 作为母体化合物，但其乙酰化代谢物 Ac-SMX 被发现为微污染物。微观实验的结果表明，SMX 并未显着降解，但在 L.minor 存在的情况下，观察到轻微下降 (17%)。实验期间河流中 Ac-SMX 残留浓度保持相当恒定。河流微生物群落最初受到抗生素添加的影响，丰度下降；然而，尽管它不能降解 SMX，但它表现出整体的抗生素耐药性。事实上，在整个实验期间都发现了intI1基因。最后，SMX没有对植物造成明显的抑制或遭受症状。
Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) is a sulfonamide antibiotic commonly used in human and veterinary medicine and frequently detected in surface water as a micro-contaminant. The presence of this antibiotic and its main transformation product N-4-acetyl-sulfamethoxazole (Ac-SMX) was evaluated in an Italian river water by Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) and subsequent LC MS/MS determination.River water microcosm experiments were set up in the presence and absence of duckweed (Lemna minor L.) adding SMX (500 mu g L-1) with the aim of evaluating the persistence of antibiotic and its effects on both the microbial community naturally occurred in a river and the plant The concentrations of SMX and Ac-SMX were measured at fixed times over a period of 28 days. The microbial abundance, intI1 gene and plant morphophysiological analyses were also conducted. In the river water samples, SMX was not detected as a parent compound, but its acetylate metabolite Ac-SMX was found as a micro-contaminant. The results of the microcosm experiment showed that SMX did not substantially degrade, except in the presence of L. minor where a slight decrease (17%) was observed. The river residual concentration of Ac-SMX remained quite constant during the experimental period. The river microbial community was initially affected by adding the antibiotic with a decrease in its abundance; however, although it was not able to degrade SMX, it displayed an overall antibiotic resistance. In fact, the intI1 gene was found throughout the entire experimental period. Finally, SMX did not cause evident inhibition or suffering symptoms for the plant.