Stratigraphic and spatial variability in shell middens: microfacies identification at the ethnohistoric site Tunel VII (Tierra del Fuego, Argentina)
Stratigraphic and spatial variability in shell middens: microfacies identification at the ethnohistoric site Tunel VII (Tierra del Fuego, Argentina)
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贝丘地层和空间变化：民族历史遗址 Tunel VII（阿根廷火地岛）的微相识别
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发表时间：
2011
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通讯作者：
J. Estévez
中科院分区：
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作者：
X. Villagran;A. Balbo;M. Madella;A. Vila;J. Estévez
根据十八世纪至二十世纪的民族志记载，已在火地岛贝冢内确定了功能区域。在这种情况下，当微观记录与从民族学收集的信息、挖掘过程中进行的宏观观察以及现代实验类似物进行比较时，考古微相就获得了功能意义。所有这些证据在第七号隧道首次结合在一起，这是一个 18/19 世纪的贝冢，多次被亚马纳人占据，他们是比格尔海峡最后的狩猎采集渔民群体。采样策略涉及三组样本：（1）从小屋“入口”和贝丘的一部分（即周围的垃圾贝环）采集的两个地层柱，（2）来自五个炉灶的薄片，代表小屋频繁出现的连续阶段，以及（3）实验性烧毁的贻贝阀门，该地点的主要软体动物成分。组（1）和组（2）的微相比较提供了区分贝壳倾倒区和占领表面的微观指标。比较组（1）的柱内微相可以识别站点废弃的时期和更强烈/更长的站点频繁出现的时期。来自 M. edulis 的实验样品作为参考，根据所达到的最高燃烧温度来表征五个中央炉床。不同的燃烧结构与小屋频繁出现的季节及其在小屋不同部分的位置（和功能）相关。当民族志信息不可用时，在有据可查的民族历史背景下的现场微形态比较策略为识别考古背景中的功能区域提供了有价值的指标。
Based on ethnographic accounts from the eighteenth to the twentieth century, functional areas have been identified within Fueginian shell middens. In this context, archaeological microfacies acquire a functional meaning when the microscopic record is compared to information gathered from ethnology, macroscopic observations made during excavation, and experimental modern analogues. All these lines of evidence were combined for the first time at Tunel VII, an eighteenth/nineteenth century shell midden occupied repeatedly by Yamana people, the last hunter–gatherer–fisher groups of the Beagle Channel. The sampling strategy involved three sets of samples: (1) two stratigraphical columns taken from the hut “entrance” and from a portion of the shell midden (i.e., the surrounding refuse shell ring), (2) thin sections from five hearths representing successive phases of frequentation of the hut, and (3) experimental burnt valves of Mytilus edulis, the main malacological component of the site. Comparison of microfacies from groups (1) and (2) provided microscopic indicators to distinguish between shell dumping areas and occupation surfaces. Comparison of microfacies within columns from group (1) allowed recognizing periods of site abandonment and periods of more intense/longer site frequentation. The experimental samples from M. edulis served as a reference to characterize the five central hearths in terms of maximum burning temperatures reached. Different burning structures were correlated to the season of hut frequentation and to their location (and function) within different portions of the hut. The intra-site micromorphological comparison strategy within a well-documented ethnohistorical context provides valuable indicators for the identification of functional areas in archaeological contexts when ethnographical information is not available.