Overwork and the Slow Convergence in the Gender Gap in Wages
Overwork and the Slow Convergence in the Gender Gap in Wages
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DOI：
10.1177/0003122414528936
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发表时间：
2014-06-01
影响因子：
9.1
通讯作者：
Weeden, Kim A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Cha, Youngjoo;Weeden, Kim A.
尽管女性的教育程度和持续的劳动力经历发生了迅速变化，但工资性别差距的趋同在20世纪90年代放缓，并在21世纪初停滞不前。使用CPS从1979年到2009年的数据，我们发现，在这三十年里，小时工资的性别差距的趋同被越来越多的“过度工作”（定义为每周工作50小时或更多）和小时工资的增加所削弱。由于男性过度工作的比例更高，这些变化提高了男性相对于女性的工资，并使性别工资差距扩大了约10%。这种过度工作的影响足以抵消教育程度和其他形式的人力资本方面的性别差距缩小所产生的工资均等效应。过度工作对男女工资差距趋势的影响在专业和管理职业中最为明显，这些职业的长时间工作特别普遍，过度工作的规范深深植根于组织惯例和职业文化。这些结果表明，新的工作组织方式如何使旧形式的性别不平等永久化。
Despite rapid changes in women's educational attainment and continuous labor force experience, convergence in the gender gap in wages slowed in the 1990s and stalled in the 2000s. Using CPS data from 1979 to 2009, we show that convergence in the gender gap in hourly pay over these three decades was attenuated by the increasing prevalence of "overwork" (defined as working 50 or more hours per week) and the rising hourly wage returns to overwork. Because a greater proportion of men engage in overwork, these changes raised men's wages relative to women's and exacerbated the gender wage gap by an estimated 10 percent of the total wage gap. This overwork effect was sufficiently large to offset the wage-equalizing effects of the narrowing gender gap in educational attainment and other forms of human capital. The overwork effect on trends in the gender gap in wages was most pronounced in professional and managerial occupations, where long work hours are especially common and the norm of overwork is deeply embedded in organizational practices and occupational cultures. These results illustrate how new ways of organizing work can perpetuate old forms of gender inequality.