Endoplasmic reticulum stress: molecular mechanism and therapeutic targets.

Endoplasmic reticulum stress: molecular mechanism and therapeutic targets.
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内质网应激:分子机制和治疗靶点。

DOI:
10.1038/s41392-023-01570-w
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发表时间:
2023-09-15
影响因子:
39.3
通讯作者:
Xia X
Xia X
中科院分区:
医学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Chen X;Shi C;He M;Xiong S;Xia X

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内质网(ER)作为蛋白质稳态或“蛋白质稳态”的质量控制细胞器发挥作用。蛋白质质量控制系统涉及内质网相关的降解、蛋白质伴侣和自噬。当蛋白质平衡被破坏时,内质网中错误折叠和未折叠的蛋白质积聚,内质网应激就被激活。内质网应激激活一种适应性的未折叠蛋白反应,通过启动蛋白激酶R-样ER激酶,激活转录因子6和肌醇需要酶1来恢复蛋白稳定。内质网应激是多方面的,并在表观遗传水平上作用于各个方面,包括转录和蛋白质加工。越来越多的数据表明,它在蛋白质稳态和其他多种功能中起着关键作用,这些功能涉及各种眼病,如青光眼、糖尿病视网膜病变、老年性黄斑变性、视网膜色素变性、色觉减退、白内障、眼肿瘤、眼表疾病和近视。本文从内质网应激的角度综述了上述眼部疾病的分子机制。药物(化学物质、神经营养因子和纳米颗粒)、基因治疗和干细胞治疗可通过减轻内质网应激来治疗眼部疾病。我们概述了针对内质网应激的治疗进展,为眼科疾病提供新的治疗策略。
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) functions as a quality-control organelle for protein homeostasis, or “proteostasis”. The protein quality control systems involve ER-associated degradation, protein chaperons, and autophagy. ER stress is activated when proteostasis is broken with an accumulation of misfolded and unfolded proteins in the ER. ER stress activates an adaptive unfolded protein response to restore proteostasis by initiating protein kinase R-like ER kinase, activating transcription factor 6, and inositol requiring enzyme 1. ER stress is multifaceted, and acts on aspects at the epigenetic level, including transcription and protein processing. Accumulated data indicates its key role in protein homeostasis and other diverse functions involved in various ocular diseases, such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, achromatopsia, cataracts, ocular tumors, ocular surface diseases, and myopia. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms underlying the aforementioned ocular diseases from an ER stress perspective. Drugs (chemicals, neurotrophic factors, and nanoparticles), gene therapy, and stem cell therapy are used to treat ocular diseases by alleviating ER stress. We delineate the advancement of therapy targeting ER stress to provide new treatment strategies for ocular diseases.
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