External forces and torques generated by the brachiating white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar).
External forces and torques generated by the brachiating white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar).
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DOI：
10.1002/1096-8644(200010)113:2
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发表时间：
2000-10
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
Y. Chang;J. Bertram;D. Lee
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Y. Chang;J. Bertram;D. Lee
我们比较了两足行走和跑步时的臂拉动力学。长臂猿在缓慢的速度下使用胸肢与头顶的支撑物持续接触，但在更快的速度下表现出空中阶段（或弹跳伸展）。肢体和支撑物之间的这种基本相互作用与走路和跑步有一些相似之处。我们量化了白掌长臂猿（Hylobates lar）在三个轴上产生的力和垂直轴上的扭矩，并将其与两足运动进行了比较。垂直于行进方向的把手（如梯子梯级）间隔为0.80、1.20、1.60、1.72、1.95和2.25米。长臂猿的前进速度与步幅成正比。手持反作用力类似于人类跑步时的地面反作用力，只是水平制动和推进的顺序颠倒了。与两足运动时一样，摆动时的峰值垂直力随着速度的增加而增加。然而，与两足行走相比，峰值水平力随速度变化不大。步态转换发生在与两足动物步行-跑步转换相同的相对速度范围内（弗劳德数= 0.3-0.6）。我们以0.80米和1.60米的间隔平行于移动方向（如在一个连续的杆子中）定位把手。在弹跳臂运动中，长臂猿用垂直于运动方向的手而不是平行于运动方向的手产生更大的扭矩。手柄方向不影响峰值力。腕力和两足动物之间的异同，让我们深入了解了指导四肢运动的普遍机械原理，以及腕力作为一种独特运动方式的独特性。
We compared the kinetics of brachiation to bipedal walking and running. Gibbons use pectoral limbs in continuous contact with their overhead support at slow speeds, but exhibit aerial phases (or ricochetal brachiation) at faster speeds. This basic interaction between limb and support suggests some analogy to walking and running. We quantified the forces in three axes and torque about the vertical axis generated by a brachiating White-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar) and compared them with bipedal locomotion. Handholds oriented perpendicular to the direction of travel (as in ladder rungs) were spaced 0.80, 1.20, 1.60, 1.72, 1.95, and 2.25 m apart. The gibbon proportionally matched forward velocity to stride length. Handhold reaction forces resembled ground reaction forces of running humans except that the order of horizontal braking and propulsion were reversed. Peak vertical forces in brachiation increased with speed as in bipedal locomotion. In contrast to bipedalism, however, peak horizontal forces changed little with speed. Gait transition occurred within the same relative velocity range as the walk-run transition in bipeds (Froude number = 0.3-0.6). We oriented handholds parallel to the direction of travel (as in a continuous pole) at 0.80 and 1.60 m spacings. In ricochetal brachiation, the gibbon generated greater torque with handholds oriented perpendicular as opposed to parallel to the direction of travel. Handhold orientation did not affect peak forces. The similarities and differences between brachiation and bipedalism offer insight into the ubiquity of mechanical principles guiding all limbed locomotion and the distinctiveness of brachiation as a unique mode of locomotion.