INDIVIDUAL PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
INDIVIDUAL PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1467-8624.1956.tb04793.x
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发表时间：
1956-01-01
影响因子：
4.6
通讯作者：
BAYLEY, N
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
BAYLEY, N
那些试图了解年轻的人类有机体的人，长期关注的问题之一是根据他早期的发展来评估他目前的状态，因为它关系到他的未来。我们关心的是各种内在因素和环境状况之间的因果关系，或早期表现和后期发展之间的因果关系。我们希望能够预测，知道如何，以及多早我们可以告诉一个孩子会变成什么样。为了做到这一点，我们根据健康儿童的中心倾向和变异性建立了发展规范。随着时间的推移，在对这些标准进行反复测量时，我们越来越意识到，个人的成长往往是不稳定的。在一个给定的性格，如身高或智力，一个孩子可能会在一段时间内从高到平均，到低，再回到平均，与他的同龄人相比。这些变化的频率使我们认为，在大多数情况下，它们是正常和健康的增长模式。但我们应该了解其原因，以确保最佳发展。如果我们能找到某种条件，它能提高或降低儿童的效率，或刺激或阻碍儿童的成长，那么我们就有可能采取措施来控制它，但成长的过程是非常复杂的：通常很难找到一个合理的事件来改变发展的趋势。此外，这样的事件可能对一个孩子来说似乎是相关的，但对其他孩子来说可能没有什么区别，在我们的纵向研究中，我们对同一个孩子进行了反复观察，并绘制了每个孩子与规范的发展关系图，我们发现，个体模式是规则。很少有孩子在他的成长过程中，在所有观察到的变量中遵循相同的过程。为了解释这些个体的模式，我们不得不反复地重新审视发展的本质，重新考虑能够决定个体有机体生长过程的相关条件。
One of the perennial concerns of those who are trying to understand the young human organism is with the evaluation of his present status in the light of his earlier development, and as it bears on his future. We are concerned with the cause-effect relationships between various inherent factors and environmental situations, or between early manifestations and later development. We want to be able to predict, to know how, and how early we can tell what a child will turn out to be like. To do this, we set up norms of development, based on the central tendencies and variabilities of healthy children. In applying to these norms the repeated measures of children over time, we have become increasingly aware that the growth of individuals is often unstable. In a given character, such as height, or intelligence, a child may, over a period of years, shift from high to average, to low and back to average again, as compared with his age peers. The very frequency of these shifts leads us to assume that, for the most part, they are normal and healthy patterns of growth. But we should like to understand the reasons for them, in order to insure optimal development. If we can find some condition that is operating to enhance or lower a child's efficiency or to stimulate or hinder growth, then there is the possibility of doing something to control it. But the processes of growth are very complex: it is often difficult to find a plausible event that could make the difference in the developmental trend. Furthermore, such an event may seem relevant for one child, but may make little difference in other children.In our longitudinal studies, where we have made repeated observations on the same children over time, and charted the development of each child in relation to the norms, we find that individual patterns are the rule. It is a rare child who follows the same course in all of the observed variables through all of his growth. To explain these individual patterns, we are repeatedly being forced to re-examine the nature of development, and to reconsider the relevant conditions that can determine the course of growth in an individual organism.