Localization of hypophysiotropic peptides and other biologically active peptides within the brain.
Localization of hypophysiotropic peptides and other biologically active peptides within the brain.
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促垂体肽和其他生物活性肽在大脑内的定位。
DOI：
10.1146/annurev.ph.41.030179.003103
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发表时间：
1979
影响因子：
18.2
通讯作者：
T. Hökfelt
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
R. Elde;T. Hökfelt
促垂体激素和其他神经肽的免疫组织化学分析显示，独特而显著的神经包被、轴突和终末含有特定的多肽免疫反应性。促垂体激素主要集中在正中隆起外层的神经末梢。从这个部位，它们可以被释放，并通过门脉循环被携带到腺垂体。在神经系统的其他区域出现促垂体素表明，它们可能在这些部位起到神经递质的作用。脑啡肽、P物质、血管紧张素Ⅱ和缩胆囊素样免疫反应也存在于某些物种正中隆起外层的神经末梢。虽然这些多肽还没有被认为是促垂体激素，但其末端位于正中隆起的位置表明，它们间接参与了垂体前叶激素释放的调节。这种控制可能是通过含有这些多肽的终末对含有真正的促垂体肽的终末的轴突影响来完成的。一种类似的相互作用被认为是由多巴胺终末对正中隆起的LHRH终末施加的(39)。上面讨论的所有神经肽都存在于下丘脑的神经元结构中。这些多肽中的大多数也存在于脑干、脊髓和端脑深层核中，至少在有限的程度上是这样。大脑皮层神经元中几乎没有定位的多肽。这些包括SOM、VIP和缩胆囊素样免疫反应。到目前为止，小脑还没有显示出对任何目前可识别的神经肽具有显著的免疫反应性。在一些单胺能(肾上腺素能和5-羟色胺能)神经元中神经肽(SOM和SP)共存的证明提出了对一个神经元-一个递质假说的质疑。目前尚不清楚这种共存是否广泛存在于哺乳动物的神经系统中。对于那些含有两种神经效应物质的神经元，确定这两种物质是否在神经元的功能中发挥积极作用将是很重要的。最后，肽能元件与其他神经系统的形态相互作用的细节为更全面地了解中枢神经系统许多区域的回路提供了可能性。
Immunohistochemical analysis of hypophysiotropic and other neuropeptides reveals unique and striking neural perikarya, axons, and terminals containing specific peptide immunoreactivity. The hypophysiotropic peptides are most highly concentrated in nerve terminals in the external layer of the median eminence. From this site they may be released and carried via the portal circulation to the adenohypophysis. The occurrence of hypophysiotropic peptides in other areas of the nervous system suggests that they may act, at these sites, as neurotransmitters. Enkephalins, SP, angiotensin II, and cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity are also found in nerve terminals in the external layer of the median eminence of some species. Although these peptides have not been considered hypophysiotropic hormones, the location of their terminals in the median eminence suggests that they participate indirectly in regulation of anterior pituitary hormone release. This control may be accomplished via axo-axonal influences of terminals containing these peptides upon the terminals containing the genuine hypophysiotropic peptides. An analogous interaction is thought to be exerted by dopamine terminals upon LHRH terminals in the median eminence (39). All of the neuropeptides discussed above are found within neuronal structures in the hypothalamus. Most of these peptides are also found, at least to a limited extent, in the brainstem, spinal cord, and deep nuclei of the telencephalon. Few peptides have been localized in neurons of the cerebral cortex. These include SOM, VIP, and cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity. The cerebellum, to date, has not been shown to contain significant immunoreactivity for any of the presently identifiable neuropeptides. The demonstration of the coexistence of neuropeptides (SOM and SP) in some monoaminergic (adrenergic and serotonergic) neurons raises questions about the one-neuron-one-transmitter hypothesis. It is presently unknown whether or not such coexistence is widespread in the mammalian nervous system. For those neurons that contain two neuroeffector substances, it will be important to determine whether or not both substances play an active role in the function of the neuron. Finally, the details of the morphological interactions of peptidergic elements with other neuronal systems offer the possibility to understand more completely the circuitry of many regions of the central nervous system.