An anthropological perspective on the evolution and lateralization of the brain.
An anthropological perspective on the evolution and lateralization of the brain.
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1749-6632.1977.tb41927.x
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发表时间：
1977-09-30
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
Dawson, J L
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Dawson, J L
本文的目的是回顾赫兹在其经典研究中首次提出的与右手文化决定因素有关的人类学证据。还提出了惯用手的遗传/文化顺从模型，该模型假设社会中惯用手的发生率是由惯用手的遗传表达与顺从文化压力相互作用的结果。半球功能组织为认知和知觉半球功能的进化基础通过“右手显性纯合子，DD”，“杂合子，DR”，混合手和“左手隐性纯合子，RR”来讨论。惯用手的跨文化分布为这一模型提供了支持，因为根据阿希测试，越顺从的农业家左撇子的发生率显着较低（0.59%、1.5%和3.4%），而社会化程度更高的爱斯基摩人和阿伦塔猎人，在阿希测试中被认为更加独立，左撇子的比例分别为11.3%和10.5%。此外，由于女性在农业社会的顺应压力较大，在330名女性社会成员中，农业社会女性左撇子的发生率为0%，农业男性中左撇子的比例分别为3.8%、0.79%和2.5%，而爱斯基摩猎人中男性左撇子的比例为12.5%，女性左撇子的比例为10.3%，没有显着的性别差异。进一步的香港-英国研究也支持遗传/文化整合模型，即香港华人左撇子的发生率显着较低（RR：男性 = 2.7%，女性 = 4.2%）。下一节涉及新生儿性激素分化和偏侧化过程，提供了与空间和语言技能相关的神经心理学理论，该理论与下一节有关偏侧性和认知风格之间的关系。还提供了阿拉斯加爱斯基摩人的手、眼、听觉优势和认知风格方面的结果。对爱斯基摩人固定与混合偏侧性数据的分析也证实，正如预测的那样，在一种模态（例如，右手/右眼/右耳）内和跨模态（例如，右手/右眼/右耳）固定右主导型爱斯基摩人 Ss 比混合主导型 Ss 更具有场独立性，而固定左主导型 Ss 则最依赖场并且具有较低的空间技能。讨论部分回顾了与惯用手的遗传/从众模型以及偏侧性和认知风格相关的论文。还回顾了性腺分化和大脑偏侧化中性别差异对空间和语言技能的进化适应性意义。结论涉及对生物社会理论的影响，以及由于文化内部和跨文化的文化压力的变化而导致的左撇子发病率的迅速变化。
The purpose of this paper is to review the anthropological evidence relating to the cultural determinants of the right-hand first postaulted by Hertz in his classic study. Also a genetic/cultural conformity model of handedness is presented that postulates that the incidence of handedness in a society is held to result both from the genetic expression of handedness interacting with cultural pressures towards conformity. The evolutionary basis for the hemispheric functional organization into cognitive and perceptual hemispheric functions is discussed in terms of "right-handed dominant homozygotes, DD," "heterozygotes, DR," mixed-handers, and "left-handed recessive homozygotes, RR." The cross-cultural distribution of handedness provides support for this model since the more conforming agriculturalists as measured by the Asch Test have a significantly lower incidence of left-handedness (0.59%, 1.5% and 3.4%), while the more permissively socialized Eskimo and Arunta hunters, who are seen to be more independent on the Asch Test, have 11.3% and 10.5% left-handers, respectively. Also, due to the greater pressures for females to conform in agricultural societies, the incidence of female left-handedness in agricultural societies is 0% out of 330 female Ss, with 3.8%, 0.79%, and 2.5% in agricultural males, as contrasted with the Eskimo hunters who have 12.5% left-handed males and 10.3% left-handed females, showing no significant sex difference. A further Hong Kong-English study also supports the genetic/cultural conformity model with a significantly lower incidence of Hong Kong Chinese left-handers (RR: male = 2.7%, and female = 4.2%). The next section, concerned with the neonatal sex-hormone differentiation and lateralization processes, provides a neuropsychologic theory relating to spatial and linguistic skills that is relevant to the following section, which deals with relationships between laterality and cognitive style. The results are also presented for the Alaskan Eskimo in relation to hand, eye, auditory dominance and cognitive style. The analysis of Eskimo fixed-versus mixed-laterality data also confirms, as predicted, that both within and across a modality (e.g., right hand/right eye/right ear) fixed right-dominance Eskimo Ss are more field-independent than mixed-dominance Ss, while the fixed left-dominance Ss are the most field-dependent and have lower spatial skills. The discussion section reviews the papers relating to the genetic/conformity model of handedness, as well as laterality and cognitive style. The evolutionary adaptive significance of sex differences in gonadal differentiation and lateralization of the brain on spatial and linguistic skills are also reviewed. The conclusions are concerned with the implications for biosocial theory and the rapidly changing incidence of left-handedness due to accompanying changes in cultural pressures both within and across cultures.