Does road salt affect groundwater in Denmark
Does road salt affect groundwater in Denmark
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道路盐会影响丹麦的地下水吗
DOI：
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发表时间：
1969
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
B. Hansen
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
S. Kristiansen;F. D. Christensen;B. Hansen
在世界上许多地区，溶解盐类产生的氯是地下水质量的主要威胁。在今天海岸线附近的干旱地区，旧海水出现在更深的沉积物中，经常使用道路盐，氯可能是一种重要的污染物(欧洲环境局，2009年)。欧盟成员国最近报告说，氯是仅次于氮的最常见污染物，往往是地下水水体面临风险或生态状况不佳的原因(欧盟委员会，2010年)。咸化地下水的入侵和海岸线附近海水的渗透是丹麦含水层中的众所周知的现象(奥杜姆和克里斯滕森，1936；Bonnesen等人。2009年)。含水层中的咸水也可能来自人类污染，如垃圾填埋场、道路盐储存设施、道路和农业活动(Panno等人。2006)。自20世纪70年代以来，道路上使用的除冰盐被认为是一个重要的污染源，它可能会增加含水层的氯浓度并损害河流和湖泊生态系统，从而使用作饮用水资源的含水层恶化(Jackson&Jabbogy 2005)。最近的研究表明，长达十年的道路盐使用正在成为对地下水质量的日益严重的威胁(Bester等人。2006)。因此，道路的盐分污染对已经处于危险中的含水层来说是一个特别严重的问题(Lundmark&Olofsson，2007年)。本文采用化学指示剂分析、时空氯分析和地下水数值模拟相结合的方法，探讨了道路盐对丹麦地下水水质的影响。含水层对道路盐分的脆弱性取决于每公里道路的盐分施用量、城市化程度以及盐分流失到地下的百分比。根据一项文献回顾，估计道路盐流失到地下水中的百分比是丹麦城市地区使用的除冰盐的10%-20%(Kristiansen等人)。2009年)。丹麦冬季道路盐的平均使用量自20世纪90年代末以来一直在上升，但随着天气条件的不同而变化(图1)。相比之下，图1还显示，整个丹麦表面地区的大气氯化钠沉积约为每年280千兆克(GG)，这是根据实际的大宗沉积测量初步估计的(T.Ellerman，2011年个人通信)。因此，丹麦道路盐的总施用量和大气盐的总沉降量是相同的数量级。然而，丹麦各地的道路盐分和大气盐分沉积的局部地表负荷差别很大。
Chloride (Cl) from dissolved salt is a major threat to groundwater quality in many regions of the world. In arid regions near present-day coastlines, where old seawater occurs in deeper sediments and where road salt is frequently used, Cl can be a significant pollutant (European Environmental Agency 2009). European Union member states have recently reported that next to nitrogen, Cl is the most commonly found pollutant and is often responsible for groundwater bodies being at risk or having a poor ecological status (European Commission 2010). Intrusion of salty groundwater and infiltration by seawater near coastlines are well-known phenomena in Danish aquifers (Ødum & Christensen 1936; Bonnesen et al. 2009). Saltwater in aquifers may also come from human pollution such as landfills, road salt storage facilities, roads and agricultural activities (Panno et al. 2006). Since the 1970s, deicing salt applied to roads has been recognised as a significant source of contamination that may deteriorate aquifers that are used as drinking water resources by increasing their Cl concentration and by harming stream and lake ecosystems (Jackson & Jabbogy 2005). Recent studies have suggested that the decade-long usage of road salt is becoming a rising threat to groundwater quality (Bester et al. 2006). Salt contamination from roads is therefore particularly problematic to aquifers already at risk (Lundmark & Olofsson 2007). The present paper explores the impact of road salt on groundwater quality in Denmark by means of a combination of chemical indicator analysis, temporal and spatial Cl analysis and numerical groundwater modelling. The vulnerability of aquifers to road salt depends on the amount of salt applied per kilometre road, the degree of urbanisation and the percentage of salt lost to the subsurface. Based on a literature review, the estimated percentage of road salt lost to the groundwater is 10–20% of applied de-icing salt in Danish urban areas (Kristiansen et al. 2009). The average amount of road salt used during the winter in Denmark has risen since the late 1990s, but varies with weather conditions (Fig. 1). In comparison, Fig. 1 also shows that the atmospheric NaCl deposition for the entire Danish surface area is about 280 gigagrams (Gg) per year, which is tentatively estimated based on actual bulk deposition measurements (T. Ellerman, personal communication 2011). Thus, the total amount of applied road salt and the total atmospheric salt deposition in Denmark are of the same order of magnitude. However, the local surface load of road salt and atmospheric salt deposition vary widely across Denmark.