Text and graphic warnings on cigarette packages - Findings from the International Tobacco Control Four Country Study
Text and graphic warnings on cigarette packages - Findings from the International Tobacco Control Four Country Study
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DOI：
10.1016/j.amepre.2006.11.011
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发表时间：
2007-03-01
影响因子：
5.5
通讯作者：
Driezen, Pete
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hammond, David;Fong, Geoffrey T.;Driezen, Pete
背景：卷烟包装上的健康警示让吸烟者普遍获得有关吸烟风险的信息。然而，各国之间的警告差异很大，从加拿大包装上对疾病的图形描述到美国模糊的文字警告。当前的研究检验了四个国家卷烟包装上健康警语的有效性。方法：准实验设计。对具有代表性的成年吸烟者群体（n=14,975）进行了电话调查：加拿大（n=3687）、美国（n=4273）、英国（n=3634）和澳大利亚（n=3381）。调查于 2002 年至 2005 年期间进行，在英国实施新包装警告之前和之后的三个时间点进行。结果：在第一波中，加拿大吸烟者报告说，在四个国家中，加拿大吸烟者对健康警告的认知度和影响力最高，其次是澳大利亚吸烟者。在英国第二波新警告实施后，英国吸烟者报告了更高水平的意识和影响，尽管加拿大吸烟者在调整实施日期后继续报告了更高水平的影响。美国吸烟者报告说，每次调查中记录的几乎每项措施的有效性水平都是最低的。结论：香烟包装上的大而全面的警告更有可能被吸烟者注意到并评价为有效。健康警告的变化也与有效性的提高有关。美国包装上的健康警告最后一次更新是在 1984 年，效果最差。 (Am J Prev Med 2007;32 (3):202-209) (c) 2007 年美国预防医学杂志。
Background: Health warnings on cigarette packages provide smokers with universal access to information on the risks of smoking. However, warnings vary considerably among countries, ranging from graphic depictions of disease on Canadian packages to obscure text warnings in the United States. The current study examined the effectiveness of health warnings on cigarette packages in four countries.Methods: Quasi-experimental design. Telephone surveys were conducted with representative cohorts of adult smokers (n=14,975): Canada (n=3687), United States (n=4273), UK (n=3634), and Australia (n=3381). Surveys were conducted between 2002 and 2005, before and at three time points following implementation of new package warnings in the UK.Results: At Wave 1, Canadian smokers reported the highest levels of awareness and impact for health warnings among the four countries, followed by Australian smokers. Following the implementation of new UK warnings at Wave 2, UK smokers reported greater levels of awareness and impact, although Canadian smokers continued to report higher levels of impact after adjusting for the implementation date. U.S. smokers reported the lowest levels of effectiveness for almost every measure recorded at each survey wave.Conclusions: Large, comprehensive warnings on cigarette packages are more likely to be noticed and rated as effective by smokers. Changes in health warnings are also associated with increased effectiveness. Health warnings on U.S. packages, which were last updated in 1984, were associated with the least effectiveness. (Am J Prev Med 2007;32 (3):202-209) (c) 2007 American journal of Preventive Medicine.