Malawi's agricultural economy and the evolution of legislation on the production and marketing of peasant economic crops
Malawi's agricultural economy and the evolution of legislation on the production and marketing of peasant economic crops
复制标题
马拉维农业经济及农民经济作物生产和销售立法的演变
DOI：
10.1080/03057078608708123
复制
发表时间：
1986
影响因子：
0.5
通讯作者：
C. Ng’ong’ola
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
C. Ng’ong’ola
在1970年代末，马拉维农业史学中的一个普遍主题是殖民地土地和劳工政策在农业“不发达”和对农民社区的普遍剥削中的中心地位。在一些主要的著作中，有人提出，殖民地政府通常奉行的政策是以牺牲非洲人的利益为代价，促进宗主国和当地欧洲定居者的农业和经济利益。它特别批准将一些最好的可耕地转让给定居者，并将居住在那里的非洲人降低到被称为Thangata的非人道劳动租约下的奴役地位。来自该国其他地区的非洲人被迫通过棚屋和人头税等手段进入劳动力市场。用马克思的话来说，可以说殖民主义通过将经济生产手段据为己有并将非洲人降低为劳动阶级或农村农民而助长了资本主义。殖民地土地和劳工政策对农民农业的有害影响已有充分的文献记载，但不应过分强调这种政策对整个殖民地农业经济的相对重要性。应当记得，从非洲人占领区掠夺来的土地用于定居者庄园农业的数量最初约占该国土地面积的15%，2在1964年独立时逐渐减少到约2.4%。3甚至在这次削减真正开始之前，
Towards the end of the 1970s decade, one of the pervading themes in the historiography of agriculture in Malawi was the centrality of colonial land and labour policies in the 'underdevelopment' of agriculture and the general exploitation of peasant communities. It was suggested in some of the major works that the colonial administration generally pursued policies which furthered the agricultural and economic interests of the metropolitan country and local European settlers, at the expense of the Africans. It particularly sanctioned the alienation of some of the best arable lands to the settlers, and the reduction of the Africans resident thereon to a servile status under inhuman labour tenancies known as Thangata. Africans from other parts of the country were coerced into the labour market by devices like hut and poll tax. I In marxian language, it could be said that colonialism fuelled capitalism by arrogating to the settlers the means of economic production and by reducing the Africans to a labouring class or a rural peasantry. The deleterious impact of colonial land and labour policies on peasant agriculture has been sufficiently documented, but the relative importance of such policies to the entire colonial agricultural economy should not be over-emphasized. It should be remembered that the amount of land prised out of African occupation for settler estate agriculture originally amounted to about 15 per cent of the country's land acreage,2 and this was gradually reduced to about 2.4 per cent at the time of independence in 1964. 3 Even before this reduction got underway in earnest after the