Pension reform - issues and prospects for Non-Financial Defined Contribution (NDC) schemes
Pension reform - issues and prospects for Non-Financial Defined Contribution (NDC) schemes
复制标题
养老金改革——非财务固定缴款（NDC）计划的问题和前景
DOI：
10.1596/978-0-8213-6038-5
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发表时间：
2006
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Edward Palmer
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Robert Holzmann;Edward Palmer
过去的十年是全世界养老金改革的十年。在高收入国家，驱动力一直是现有系统在未来几十年内将变得负担不起的威胁，人口发展带来了重大风险。在另一种情况下，处于从指令经济向市场经济过渡过程中的国家面临的挑战是，建立一种公共养恤金制度，既为老年人提供社会保障，又支持市场经济的基本要素。在后一种意义上，必须仔细研究发达市场经济国家的经验。即使在这些国家，改革背后的驱动力也是人口变化和负担能力。在第三种情况下，中等收入和中低收入国家面临的问题是，什么样的制度最符合其具体国家未来目标的利益。在所有这些情况下，“NDC”-非财政固定缴款-养老金计划已列入讨论可能备选方案的议程。瑞典是在20世纪90年代实施NDC计划的少数几个国家之一，当时NDC作为一个概念在四个欧盟（EU）国家（意大利，拉脱维亚和波兰是其他三个）实施。可以理解的是，由于大多数欧洲国家都有现收现付的传统，国家缴款公司已成为许多国家考虑的一种改革选择，国家缴款公司是“组织”强制性、普遍的现收现付养恤金制度的一种新方式。瑞典在实施国家数据中心计划方面有一些经验，因此认为特别有必要主办一次专门讨论国家数据中心概念和体制问题的会议。然而，其目标更为远大：为综合关于这一新专题的现有知识作出贡献。这本书就是这个目标的实现。它包括关于国家数据中心的地位、其概念和随后的改革战略的讨论文件。论文还讨论了设计和实施的概念问题，从国家发展理事会贡献计划的国家的经验教训，并最终确定在其他国家的改革的国家发展理事会贡献计划的潜力。
The previous decade has been one of pension reform throughout the world. In high income countries, the driving force has been the threat that current systems will become unaffordable in coming decades, with demographic developments presenting a major risk. In another setting, countries in the process of transition from a command, to a market economy are confronted with the challenge of introducing a public pension system that will provide social security in old age, but that also supports the fundamentals of a market economy. In the latter sense, it is important to examine carefully the experiences of developed market economies. Even in these countries, the driving force behind reform is demographic change and affordability. In a third setting, middle and lower-middle income countries are faced with the question of what system will best serve the interests of their specific country goals for the future. In all of these settings "NDC"-non-financial defined contribution-pension schemes have been on the agenda in discussions of possible options. Sweden is one of the few countries to have implemented an NDC scheme in the 1990s, when NDC came into its own as a concept, implemented in four European Union (EU) countries (Italy, Latvia, and Poland are the other three). NDC has become a reform option considered by many countries, understandably since most of Europe has a pay-as-you-go tradition, and NDC constitutes a new way to "organize" a mandatory, universal pay-as-you-go pension system. With some experience of NDC schemes implemented, it is felt particularly relevant for Sweden to host a conference devoted to discussing both the conceptual and institutional aspects of NDC. The goal was even more ambitious, however: to contribute to creating a synthesis of current knowledge on this new topic. This book is the realization of that goal. It comprises discussion papers on the status of NDC, its concept and the reform strategies that follow. Papers also discuss the conceptual issues of design and implementation , lessons from countries with NDC contribution schemes, and finalizes on the potential of NDC contribution schemes in other countries' reforms.