Measuring the Impact of Transportation Diversity on Disaster Resilience in Urban Communities: Case Study of Hurricane Harvey in Houston, TX
Measuring the Impact of Transportation Diversity on Disaster Resilience in Urban Communities: Case Study of Hurricane Harvey in Houston, TX
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衡量交通多样性对城市社区抗灾能力的影响：德克萨斯州休斯顿飓风哈维的案例研究
DOI：
10.1061/9780784482445.071
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发表时间：
2019
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Garvin, Michael J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Wang, Yan;Rahimi-Golkhandan, Armin;Chen, Changjie;Taylor, John E.;Garvin, Michael J.
城市交通系统在灾害期间的疏散和资源供应中起着至关重要的作用。交通多样性，即交通工具在社区中的可获得性和分布，影响着模式的互补性，这可能会影响人口流动和空间单元之间的连通性--特别是在极端事件期间，当一种模式的故障可以通过其他模式来补偿时。然而，很少有量化的努力探讨有形基础设施配置，更具体地说，交通多样性，在实际灾难背景下对城市机动性和连通性的影响。本文从生态系统多样性的概念出发，用功能丰富度和功能均匀度两个因素来衡量交通运输的多样性。灾害复原力被视为不同社区在灾前、灾中和灾后的动态过程，并基于人口跨邮政编码表格区域随时间的变化的地理空间Twitter数据，使用受生态启发的方法-Fisher信息-来跟踪和量化。具体地说，我们比较了休斯顿市不同社区在哈维飓风中的弹性，发现交通多样性水平较高的社区在飓风期间和飓风过后的流动性方面表现出更高的弹性。这项研究有助于理解交通基础设施的可用性和分布如何影响城市地区人-基础设施系统的抗灾能力。这些结果可以改进交通设计和未来的城市规划，特别是在气候变化和自然灾害的背景下。
The transportation system in urban areas plays a critical role in evacuation and resource supply during disasters. Transportation diversity, i.e., the availability and distribution of transportation modes across a community, impacts the mode complementarity, which can affect population movements and connectivity among spatial units—especially during extreme events when a failure in one mode can be compensated by other modes. However, few quantitative efforts have explored the impact of physical infrastructure configurations, and more specifically transportation diversity, on urban mobility and connectivity in an actual disaster context. In this paper, we measure transportation diversity with two factors—functional richness and functional evenness translated from the concept of diversity in ecological systems. Disaster resilience is regarded as a dynamic process pre, during, and post disaster in distinct communities and is tracked and quantified based on geospatial Twitter data of population cross-ZIP code tabulation areas movements with an ecology-inspired method—Fisher information—over time. Specifically, we compared the resilience of different neighborhoods in the city of Houston in Hurricane Harvey and found that neighborhoods with a higher level of transportation diversity demonstrated higher resiliency in their mobility during and after the hurricane. This study contributes to understanding how the availability and distribution of transportation infrastructure can impact the disaster resilience of human-infrastructure systems in urban areas. The results can improve transportation design and future urban planning, especially in the context of climate change and natural hazards.
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