HARDSTOFT – BRITAIN’S FIRST OIL FIELD
HARDSTOFT – BRITAIN’S FIRST OIL FIELD
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哈德斯托夫特——英国第一个油田
DOI：
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发表时间：
2017
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
P. Schofield
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Craig;J. Gluyas;C. Laing;P. Schofield
钢铁是最常见的建筑材料，直到20世纪50年代初，该行业开始转向铝制拖车，这种拖车更轻，可以运输更多的产品。然而，一些地方法规强制使用钢材，包括在纽约市，石油只能用安装在直卡车上的钢罐运输。运送汽油的卡车必须涂成红色，而运送易燃物的卡车则涂成绿色。纽约市的设备条例在20世纪80年代初被推翻。20世纪90年代，一家英国公司生产的四辆纤维增强塑料（RFP）拖车在美国进行了测试，但FRP从未在这里流行起来。最重要的操作变化之一发生在20世纪70年代末，当时石油工业从顶部装载汽油到油轮，到通过拖车卸载线底部装载。这一变化不是由交通部强制执行的，而是汽油生产商遵守环境保护局排放法规的努力的一部分。此举的一个安全好处是，司机花在油罐车顶部的时间更少。然而，底部装载的改变引起了人们对在货舱外的线路中运输产品的担忧，并导致提议禁止这种做法，这种做法至今仍在石油和油罐车行业中进行斗争。在油罐车设备安全和生产力发展的大部分时间里，来自主要石油公司的工程师和安全主管是一股推动力。主要石油公司经营大型私人船队为客户提供服务，并依靠公共承运人来处理余额。今天，许多大公司已经完全退出了私人车队运营，主要是由于解除了对卡车运输业的管制。
Steel was the most common material of construction until the early 1950s when the industry began switching to aluminum trailers which were lighter and could haul more product. However, some local rules mandated the use of steel, including in New York City where petroleum could only be transported in steel tanks mounted on straight trucks. Trucks hauling gasoline had to be painted red and those hauling combustibles were green. The New York City equipment ordinances were overturned in the early 1980s. In the 1990s, four Fiberglas Reinforced Plastic (RFP) trailers manufactured by a British company were tested in the United States, but FRP never caught on here. One of the most significant operational changes occurred in the late 1970s when the petroleum industry moved from top loading gasoline into tankers to bottom-loading through the trailer unloading lines. The change was not mandated by the Department of Transportation, but was rather part of the gasoline producers’ efforts to comply with emission regulations from the Environmental Protection Agency. One safety benefit of that move was that drivers spent less time on the top of tankers. However, the change to bottom-loading raised concerns about product being transported in the lines outside of the cargo tank and resulted in proposed banning of such a practice that is still being fought by the petroleum and tank truck industries today. Throughout most of the years of tank truck equipment safety and productivity development, engineers and safety directors from major oil companies were a driving force. Major oil companies operated large private fleets to service their customers and relied on common carriers to handle the balance. Today, many majors have totally gotten out of private fleet operation, primarily as a result of deregulation of the trucking industry.