Toward a Comprehensive Understanding of Executive Cognitive Function in Implicit Racial Bias
Toward a Comprehensive Understanding of Executive Cognitive Function in Implicit Racial Bias
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DOI：
10.1037/a0038557
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发表时间：
2015-02-01
影响因子：
7.6
通讯作者：
Miyake, Akira
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Ito, Tiffany A.;Friedman, Naomi P.;Miyake, Akira
尽管基于实验室的内隐偏见任务的表现通常严格按照自动联想的强度来解释，但最近的证据表明，这类任务受到更高级别的认知控制过程的影响，即所谓的执行功能(EFS)。然而，这一领域的现有工作一直受到以下因素的限制：未能考虑到EFS的统一性和多样性，只关注单一的偏差和/或EF衡量标准，以及相对较小的样本量。目前的研究试图在3种常用的实验室测量方法中，对EFS的个体差异和种族偏见的表现之间的关系进行综合建模。参与者(N=485)完成了一系列EF任务(会话1)和3个种族偏见任务(会话2)，以及大量的个体差异问卷。主要研究结果如下：(A)内隐偏向的测量只是弱相关；(B)内隐偏向和对自动加工的估计都可以预测内隐偏向，并且存在交互作用，因此在较高的内隐偏向水平下，自动加工和偏向表达之间的关系被降低；(C)不同偏向任务的总体任务绩效和受控加工估计与内隐偏向的特定方面存在差异；(D)内隐偏向和外显偏向测量之间的关联并不协调；以及(E)控制偏见的外在动机依赖于外在的偏向，而不是内在的偏向表达。研究结果从整体和特定的EF能力在确定隐性种族偏见表达方面的重要性方面进行了讨论。
Although performance on laboratory-based implicit bias tasks often is interpreted strictly in terms of the strength of automatic associations, recent evidence suggests that such tasks are influenced by higher-order cognitive control processes, so-called executive functions (EFs). However, extant work in this area has been limited by failure to account for the unity and diversity of EFs, focus on only a single measure of bias and/or EF, and relatively small sample sizes. The current study sought to comprehensively model the relation between individual differences in EFs and the expression of racial bias in 3 commonly used laboratory measures. Participants (N = 485) completed a battery of EF tasks (Session 1) and 3 racial bias tasks (Session 2), along with numerous individual difference questionnaires. The main findings were as follows: (a) measures of implicit bias were only weakly intercorrelated; (b) EF and estimates of automatic processes both predicted implicit bias and also interacted, such that the relation between automatic processes and bias expression was reduced at higher levels of EF; (c) specific facets of EF were differentially associated with overall task performance and controlled processing estimates across different bias tasks; (d) EF did not moderate associations between implicit and explicit measures of bias; and (e) external, but not internal, motivation to control prejudice depended on EF to reduce bias expression. Findings are discussed in terms of the importance of global and specific EF abilities in determining expression of implicit racial bias.