Block, tract, and levels of aggregation: Neighborhood structure and crime and disorder as a case in point
Block, tract, and levels of aggregation: Neighborhood structure and crime and disorder as a case in point
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DOI：
10.1177/000312240707200501
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发表时间：
2007-10-01
影响因子：
9.1
通讯作者：
Hipp, John R.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hipp, John R.
本文强调了在估计邻域效应时考虑适当的聚合水平的重要性。使用一个独特的非农村子样本从一个大型的全国性调查（美国住房调查）在三个时间点，允许放置在块和人口普查区的受访者，本研究测试了适当的聚合水平的结构特征假设影响块级的犯罪和混乱的看法，我发现，结构特征不同的基础上，他们的影响水平的聚合。虽然种族/民族异质性的影响是相当强大的地理层面的聚集，更强的影响，当衡量在周围的人口普查区的水平，表明更分散的网络是重要的感知犯罪和混乱。相比之下，经济资源只有在聚集到街区一级时才显示出局部效应，并根据结果而有所不同;较高的平均收入减少了混乱，但增加了犯罪，最有可能的是增加了有吸引力的目标的数量。此外，破碎家庭的存在对社会混乱有局部影响，但对感知犯罪有更广泛的影响。这些研究结果表明，有必要进行邻里研究的犯罪率，以及更广泛的邻里效应文献，考虑所涉及的机制时，聚集各种结构特征。
This article highlights the importance of considering the proper level of aggregation when estimating neighborhood effects. Using a unique nonrural subsample from a large national survey (the American Housing Survey) at three time points that allows placing respondents in blocks and census tracts, this study tests the appropriate level of aggregation of the structural characteristics hypothesized to affect block-level perceptions of crime and disorder I find that structural characteristics differ in their effects based on the level of aggregation employed. While the effects of racial/ethnic heterogeneity are fairly robust to the geographical level of aggregation, the stronger effects, when measured at the level of the surrounding census tract, suggest more dispersed networks are important for perceived crime and disorder. In contrast, economic resources only show a localized effect when aggregating to the block-level and differ based on the outcome; higher average income reduces disorder but increases crime, most likely by increasing the number of attractive targets. Additionally, the presence of broken households has a localized effect for social disorder but a more diffuse effect for perceived crime. These findings suggest the need for neighborhood studies of crime rates, as well as the broader neighborhood effects literature, to consider the mechanisms involved when aggregating various structural characteristics.