Reproduction and dispersal at vents and cold seeps
Reproduction and dispersal at vents and cold seeps
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在喷口和冷泉处繁殖和传播
DOI：
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发表时间：
1999
影响因子：
1.2
通讯作者：
C. Young
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
P. Tyler;C. Young
繁殖周期是根据在一段时间内定期采集的样本确定的，这段时间与假定的繁殖周期有关。由于财政、运输时间和取样方面的限制，在深海喷口和渗漏处几乎不可能这样做，但积累的大量数据使人们了解这些过程。越来越明显的是，即使在极端的喷口和渗漏生境中，大多数生殖过程在遗传上也是保守的。喷口和渗漏处物种的繁殖模式与非化能合成环境中同一门物种的繁殖模式并无不同。大多数喷口和渗漏动物的人口结构没有说明，最大年龄和生长率也不清楚。我们对配子发生周期是如何开始的知之甚少，尽管有越来越多的关于第一次繁殖时大小的数据。仅从喷口/渗漏环境的一种生物的季节性样本中描述了配子发生生物学。对于其他物种，配子发生的模式已被描述从偶然的样品，允许确定的生殖努力，但这样的样品揭示很少的配子发生过程中的能量分配。一些值得注意的适应已经在成熟的配子中被描述，包括修改的精子。一些鱼种在原地和体外都观察到产卵。有关喷口/渗漏生物幼虫的知识来自实验室施肥、喷口和渗漏区的实地采集，而软体动物则来自原海螺或原盘海螺的大小和形状。幼虫的传播可能是繁殖过程中最棘手的问题。因为只有一种渗漏有机体的幼虫寿命是已知的，而没有喷口有机体，我们不能根据对流速的了解来推断扩散距离。已利用模型来评估幼虫在喷口区之间有效迁移的最大距离。一种间接方法是利用DNA测序和电泳技术估计喷口点内部和喷口点之间的基因流动。虽然数据仍不明确，但有迹象表明，同一海脊喷口区内和喷口区之间的种群有相当大的混合。我们对喷口和渗漏生物生殖生物学的了解仍然是零碎的，但随着分子和生物化学技术的发展，新兴的幼虫培养技术，以及越来越多的取样工作，拼图的碎片最终将形成一个整体。
Reproductive cycles are determined from samples taken at regular intervals over a period of time related to the assumed periodicity of the breeding cycle. Fiscal, ship time and sampling constraints have made this almost impossible at deep-sea vents and seeps, but there is an accumulating mass of data that cast light on these processes. It is becoming apparent that most reproductive processes are phylogenetically conservative, even in extreme vent and seep habitats. Reproductive patterns of species occurring at vents and seeps are not dissimilar to those of species from the same phyla found in non-chemosynthetic environments. The demographic structure of most vent and seep animals is undescribed and the maximum ages and growth rates are not known. We know little about how the gametogenic cycle is initiated, though there is a growing body of data on the size at first reproduction. Gametogenic biology has been described from seasonal samples for only one organism from vent/seep environments. For other species, the pattern of gametogenesis has been described from serendipitous samples that allow determination of reproductive effort, but such samples reveal little about energy partitioning during the gametogenic process. Some notable adaptations have been described in mature gametes, including modified sperm. Spawning has been observed for a number of species both in situ and in vitro. Knowledge of the larvae of vent/seep organisms has been derived from laboratory fertilizations, from field collections over vent and seep areas and, for molluscs, from protoconch or prodissoconch size and shape. Larval dispersal has been perhaps the most intractable aspect of reproduction. Because the length of larval life is known for only a single seep organism and no vent organism, we cannot infer dispersal distance from a knowledge of current velocities. Modelling has been used to assess the maximum larval distance that allows effective migration between vent sectors. An indirect approach has been to estimate gene flow within, and between, vent sites using DNA sequencing and electrophoretic techniques. Although data are still equivocal, there are indications of considerable mixing among populations within and between vent sectors of the same ridge. Our knowledge of reproductive biology in vent and seep organisms remains fragmentary, but with molecular and biochemical techniques, emerging larval culture techniques, and increased sampling effort, the pieces of the jigsaw will eventually form an overall picture.