General aspects of muscle glucose uptake
General aspects of muscle glucose uptake
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DOI：
10.1590/0001-3765201520140225
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发表时间：
2015-03-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
SANTOS, PAULO C.J.L.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
ALVIM, RAFAEL O.;CHEUHEN, MARCEL R.;SANTOS, PAULO C.J.L.
外周组织对葡萄糖的摄取依赖于GLUT4葡萄糖转运体到质膜的转位。研究表明，导致GLUT4易位的主要信号通路有两条。第一个，也是被广泛研究的，是通过胰岛素受体底物-1和磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶激活的胰岛素信号通路。第二个是胰岛素非依赖的信号通路，它由收缩激活。由于胰岛素抵抗现象，2型糖尿病患者骨骼肌对胰岛素刺激的葡萄糖摄取减少。然而，这些人在运动过程中葡萄糖摄取量正常。在这一背景下，体育锻炼是通过胰岛素非依赖性途径刺激葡萄糖摄取的最重要的干预措施之一，涉及的主要分子有一磷酸腺苷活化蛋白激酶、一氧化氮、缓激肽、AKT、活性氧和钙。在这篇综述中，我们的主要目的是强调不同的葡萄糖摄取途径，并报告体育锻炼、饮食和药物对其功能的影响。最后，随着对这些途径的更好理解，就有可能准确地和分子地评估体育锻炼和饮食对血糖稳态的重要性。此外，有可能评估药物的作用，这些药物可能优化葡萄糖摄取，从而成为控制糖尿病患者血糖水平的重要步骤，此外，重要的是澄清一些途径，证明能够模拟收缩途径的药物的开发是合理的。
Glucose uptake in peripheral tissues is dependent on the translocation of GLUT4 glucose transporters to the plasma membrane. Studies have shown the existence of two major signaling pathways that lead to the translocation of GLUT4. The first, and widely investigated, is the insulin activated signaling pathway through insulin receptor substrate-1 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. The second is the insulin-independent signaling pathway, which is activated by contractions. Individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus have reduced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle due to the phenomenon of insulin resistance. However, those individuals have normal glucose uptake during exercise. In this context, physical exercise is one of the most important interventions that stimulates glucose uptake by insulin-independent pathways, and the main molecules involved are adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, nitric oxide, bradykinin, AKT, reactive oxygen species and calcium. In this review, our main aims were to highlight the different glucose uptake pathways and to report the effects of physical exercise, diet and drugs on their functioning. Lastly, with the better understanding of these pathways, it would be possible to assess, exactly and molecularly, the importance of physical exercise and diet on glucose homeostasis. Furthermore, it would be possible to assess the action of drugs that might optimize glucose uptake and consequently be an important step in controlling the blood glucose levels in diabetic patients, in addition to being important to clarify some pathways that justify the development of drugs capable of mimicking the contraction pathway.