The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life - Principles and Practical Considerations
The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life - Principles and Practical Considerations
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噪音对水生生物的影响 - 原理和实际考虑
DOI：
10.1007/978-3-031-10417-6_21-1
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发表时间：
2023
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Burgess J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Burgess J
随着英国的目标是到2030年实现50吉瓦的海上可再生能源，海上建设将随之增加。近年来，与风力涡轮机安装相关的施工噪声引起了人们的广泛关注，其声发射可能对海洋哺乳动物和鱼类的生态产生影响。在运行期间，叶片旋转和叶片附近的运行机械（机舱）产生连续振动，这些振动沿涡轮机塔架的外表面向下行进并进入基础和邻近海底。虽然已知振动会影响海洋无脊椎动物的行为和生理，但这些地震界面波影响生活在涡轮机上或邻近涡轮机的海底的动物的可能性还有待研究。由于测量海上的困难，在这项研究中，在陆地风电场的三个不同位置（涡轮机塔，塔的混凝土基础，和相邻的土壤在10米的距离），在不同的风速下，从一个运行中的涡轮机的基板传播的振动（地震波）进行了测量，以评估其对相关的动物，特别是无脊椎动物的潜在影响。涡轮机塔架上的振动最高，记录的最大振动为91.3赫兹（114 Hz）。然而，大多数数值都低于53 Ω −2。记录到的最低振动出现在土壤中，最大振动不超过2.1赫兹（50赫兹）。记录的基板振动与已知的无脊椎动物在其预期位置的振动灵敏度几乎没有重叠。贻贝（Mytilus edulis），经常被发现附着在海上风力涡轮机的塔架上，居住在潮间带，经常暴露在空气中。这项研究发现，他们的阈值灵敏度（60 Ω-2）通常太低，无法感知塔的测量振动。同样，寄居蟹（Pagurus bernhardus）和其他十足类甲壳动物，居住在风力涡轮机的基础附近，基于它们的敏感性，不太可能感知到传导到沉积物中的微小地震波。然而，在某些特定但罕见的条件下，振动幅度高到足以被海洋无脊椎动物检测到。在陆地条件下进行的这些测量表明，风电场运行噪声对相关的表生动物有潜在的暂时影响。需要更多的资料来确认对海洋环境影响的严重程度。
With the UK aiming to achieve 50 GW of offshore renewable energy by 2030, offshore construction will increase in tandem. The construction noise associated with wind turbine installation has gained much attention over the years, with sound emissions threatening to have an impact on the ecology of marine mammals and fish. During operation, continuous vibration is produced by blade rotation and the operating machinery near the blades (the nacelle) that travel down the external surface of the turbine tower and into the foundation and neighboring seafloor. While vibration is known to affect the behavior and physiology of marine invertebrates, the potential for these seismic interface waves, to impact the animals living on the turbine or the seafloor adjacent to the turbine, has yet to be studied. Due to the difficulty of measuring offshore, in this study, substrate-borne vibrations (seismic waves) from a turbine in operation were measured at a terrestrial wind farm at three different locations (turbine tower, concrete foundation of the tower, and adjacent soil in a 10 m distance) at different wind speeds to assess their potential effect on associated animals, particularly invertebrates. The vibration was highest on the turbine tower, with a maximum vibration recorded at 91.3 mms−2(114 Hz). However, most of the values fell below 53 mms−2. The lowest recorded vibration was found within the soil, with maximum vibration not exceeding 2.1 mms−2(50 Hz). The recorded substrate vibration showed little overlap with the known vibration sensitivities of invertebrates at their expected locations. Mussels (Mytilus edulis), regularly found to be attached to the towers of offshore wind turbines, dwell in the intertidal area and are often exposed to air. This study finds that their threshold sensitivity (60 mms−2) is generally too low to perceive the measured vibrations of the tower. Similarly, hermit crabs (Pagurus bernhardus) and other decapod crustaceans, which dwell close to the foundation of the wind turbines, based on their sensitivity, are unlikely to perceive the minute seismic waves that are conducted into the sediment. However, under some specific but rare conditions, vibration amplitudes were high enough to be detectable by the marine invertebrates. These measurements, while conducted in terrestrial conditions, indicate potential temporary impacts of wind farm operational noise on associated epifauna. Additional information is needed to confirm the severity of the effects on the marine environment.