The value of primary, secondary and plantation forests for fruit-feeding butterflies in the Brazilian Amazon
The value of primary, secondary and plantation forests for fruit-feeding butterflies in the Brazilian Amazon
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01347.x
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发表时间：
2007-10-01
影响因子：
5.7
通讯作者：
Peres, Carlos A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Barlow, Jos;Overal, William L.;Peres, Carlos A.
1.在热带地区，生长在已清除的土地上的次生林和人工林正成为越来越普遍的土地用途。以往的研究对热带森林蝶类栖息地的保护重要性存在分歧。我们使用一个稳健的抽样设计，占季节性和垂直分层，以检查果食蝶（蛱蝶科）在补丁的次生林和桉树种植园2-3个数量级大于以前的采样。在3200个诱捕日中，我们记录了10587只蝴蝶和128种蝴蝶。物种丰富度最高的原始森林和最低的人工林，而蝴蝶丰度表现出相反的反应。不同生境的群落结构不同.有一个显着的栖息地和季节之间的相互作用，丰富度和丰度指标的基础上，虽然不是基于社区结构。次生林表现出较高的观测丰富度比原始森林在旱季的高峰期，但不是在一年中的其他时间。这一观察结果可以解释以往研究中缺乏共识的原因，因为那些报告次生林丰富度较高的研究仅在旱季取样。在一般情况下，栖息地的质量似乎是更重要的比周围的景观在决定蝴蝶群落结构。但强飞轮藻亚科的群落结构与周围景观中原始森林的数量有关。不同蝶类亚科间的丰富度和多度反应模式一致性较差.资源有效性与蝴蝶数量之间的线性回归表明，在原始林和次生林中，叶片物候对蝴蝶数量有很强的影响，但果实物候对蝴蝶数量没有影响.合成与应用：缺乏季节性的重复和小的抽样规模可能导致以前的研究过分强调保护的重要性，次生林和种植园的蝴蝶。我们发现，这些栖息地是显着贫穷的物种数量比原始森林，并举行不同的蝴蝶群落。虽然对限制在原始森林中的物种数量进行量化仍然很困难，但这些结果对次级生境将为许多因森林砍伐而消失的物种提供避难所的假设提出了质疑。因此，我们强烈敦促采取措施，优先保护仍然存在的剩余原始森林。
1. Secondary forests growing on cleared lands and tree plantations are becoming increasingly widespread land-uses in the tropics. Previous studies are divided on the conservation importance of these habitats for tropical forest butterflies.2. We use a robust sampling design, accounting for both seasonality and vertical stratification, to examine fruit-feeding butterflies (Nymphalidae) in patches of secondary forest and Eucalyptus plantation 2-3 orders of magnitude larger than those previously sampled.3. We recorded 10 587 butterflies and 128 species in 3200 trap-days. Species richness was highest in primary forest and lowest in plantations, while butterfly abundance showed the opposite response. All habitats were distinct in terms of community structure.4. There was a significant interaction between habitat and season based on richness and abundance metrics, although not based on community structure. Secondary forest exhibited higher observed richness than primary forest in the peak of the dry-season, but not at other times of the year. This observation could explain the lack of consensus in previous studies, as those reporting higher richness in secondary forest only sampled during the dry-season.5. In general, habitat quality appeared to be more important than the surrounding landscape in determining butterfly community structure. However, the community structure of the strong-flying Charaxinae was related to the amount of primary forest in surrounding landscape. There was very poor congruence between the response patterns of richness and abundance among different butterfly subfamilies.6. Linear regressions between resource availability and butterfly abundance showed a strong influence of leaf phenology in both primary and secondary forest, but no influence of fruit phenology.7. Synthesis and applications: A lack of seasonal replication and small sampling sizes may have led previous studies to over-emphasize the conservation importance of secondary forest and plantations for butterflies. We show that these habitats are significantly poorer than primary forest in terms of number of species, and hold distinct butterfly communities. Although quantifying the number of species restricted to primary forest remains difficult, these results cast doubt on the presumption that secondary habitats will provide refuge for many of the species being lost through deforestation. We therefore strongly urge measures that prioritize the conservation of remaining primary forests where they still exist.