Who Files Suit? Legal Mobilization and Torture Violations in Europe
Who Files Suit? Legal Mobilization and Torture Violations in Europe
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谁提起诉讼？
DOI：
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发表时间：
2016
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
L. Conant
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作者：
L. Conant
欧洲人权法院是最活跃的国际法院。在几十年来几乎没有侵犯人权的指控之后，欧洲人权法院的待审案件在20世纪90年代有所增加。奇怪的是，与努力保护权利的过渡民主国家相比，长期存在的民主国家可能有标准化的违反禁止酷刑的比率。然而，侵犯人权的行为增加了，或者老牌民主国家比新兴民主国家使用更多酷刑，这是不可信的。相反，法律的动员方式的变化导致了欧洲判决的激增和令人困惑的分布。我认为，酷刑和诉讼的发生率之间的差异反映了支持结构的变化，宣布的侵权行为可以反映个人在追求索赔，而不是酷刑的发生率得到的支持程度。这一动态对外国国民最为明显，他们通常比公民拥有更少的资源来利用法律的机构，并遭遇公众和官方的敌意。因此，在欧洲，许多涉及长期民主国家酷刑的诉讼具有跨国性质。
The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) is the most active international court. After decades with few allegations of human rights abuses, the ECHR docket expanded in the 1990s. Paradoxically, long-standing democracies can have standardized violation rates of the prohibition against torture that compare to transitional democracies that struggle to protect rights. Yet it is implausible that human rights abuses increased or that established democracies engage in more torture than new democracies. Instead variations in legal mobilization generate the surge and puzzling distribution of European judgments. I argue that discrepancies between the incidence of torture and litigation reflect variations in support structures, where declared violations can reflect the level of support that individuals receive in pursuing claims rather than the incidence of torture. This dynamic is most pronounced for foreign nationals, who typically possess fewer resources than citizens to access legal institutions and encounter popular and official hostility. As a result, much European litigation concerning torture in long-standing democracies is transnational in character.