Semaphorins and their Signaling Mechanisms.
Semaphorins and their Signaling Mechanisms.
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DOI：
10.1007/978-1-4939-6448-2_1
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发表时间：
2017
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Terman JR
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Alto LT;Terman JR
脑信号蛋白是细胞外信号蛋白，对许多器官和组织的发育和维持至关重要。超过20个成员的semaphorin蛋白家族包括具有不同结构的分泌型、跨膜型和细胞表面附着型蛋白，每个蛋白的特征在于单个富含半胱氨酸的胞外sema结构域，这是该家族的定义特征。早期的研究表明，脑信号蛋白作为轴突导向分子发挥作用，但现在人们理解，脑信号蛋白是许多不同细胞类型中形态和运动的关键调节因子，包括构成神经、心血管、免疫、内分泌、肝、肾、生殖、呼吸和肌肉骨骼系统以及癌细胞的细胞。脑信号蛋白信号主要通过丛状蛋白受体发生，并导致调节细胞形态的细胞骨架和粘附机制的变化。虽然关于semaphorins作用的机制仍有许多有待了解，但令人兴奋的工作已经开始揭示semaphorin信号传导如何通过不同的受体复合物和其他机制进行微调，以在各种细胞环境和生理系统中实现特定的结果。这些和未来的研究将导致一个更完整的理解semaphorin介导的发展，并更好地了解这些蛋白质如何在人类疾病中发挥作用。
Semaphorins are extracellular signaling proteins that are essential for the development and maintenance of many organs and tissues. The more than 20-member semaphorin protein family includes secreted, transmembrane and cell surface-attached proteins with diverse structures, each characterized by a single cysteine-rich extracellular sema domain, the defining feature of the family. Early studies revealed that semaphorins function as axon guidance molecules, but it is now understood that semaphorins are key regulators of morphology and motility in many different cell types including those that make up the nervous, cardiovascular, immune, endocrine, hepatic, renal, reproductive, respiratory and musculoskeletal systems, as well as in cancer cells. Semaphorin signaling occurs predominantly through Plexin receptors and results in changes to the cytoskeletal and adhesive machinery that regulate cellular morphology. While much remains to be learned about the mechanisms underlying the effects of semaphorins, exciting work has begun to reveal how semaphorin signaling is fine-tuned through different receptor complexes and other mechanisms to achieve specific outcomes in various cellular contexts and physiological systems. These and future studies will lead to a more complete understanding of semaphorin-mediated development and to a greater understanding of how these proteins function in human disease.