History and current status of state graduated driver licensing (GDL) laws in the United States
History and current status of state graduated driver licensing (GDL) laws in the United States
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DOI：
10.1016/j.jsr.2015.11.006
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发表时间：
2016-02-01
影响因子：
4.1
通讯作者：
Sims, Laurel B.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Williams, Allan F.;McCartt, Anne T.;Sims, Laurel B.
简介：本研究的目的是描述在美国的青少年驾驶执照政策的变化，在过去的二十年中，引进毕业驾驶执照（GDL）计划，评估GDL法律目前到位，并讨论进一步变化的可能性和可能的后果。研究方法：根据公路安全保险协会（IIHS）保存的记录，跟踪了引入和修改GDL计划的法律的历史。包括哥伦比亚特区在内的数个州。结果如下：在1996年至2006年期间，所有其他州都采用了为期2个月或更长时间的学习时间，学习期间的最低监督练习时间要求，或者在最初获得许可后限制夜间或乘客。除了七个州外，所有州都对原有法律进行了一次或多次升级。很少有州削弱了他们的法律，通常是在小的方面。在158个国家，增加或加强了最低学习时间、最低练习时间要求或夜间或乘客限制。有15个州提高了无监督驾驶执照的最低年龄。结论：GDL政策减少了青少年驾驶员撞车事故。大多数州现在至少对基本的GDL功能有最低要求，尽管有大量的机会加强现有的政策。额外的升级将导致进一步的碰撞减少，但近年来很少有人这样做。实际应用：根据美国各州、其他实施GDL计划的国家的经验以及GDL组件的评估文献，可获得最大化GDL计划减少碰撞潜力的指南。(C)2015国家安全理事会和爱思唯尔有限公司版权所有。
Introduction: The objective of this study is to describe changes in teenage driver licensing policies in the United States during the past two decades with the introduction of graduated driver licensing (GDL) programs, assess GDL laws currently in place, and discuss the possibilities and likely consequences of further changes. Methods: The history of laws introducing and amending GDL programs was tracked, based on records maintained by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS). Counts of states included the District of Columbia. Results: A few states had elements of GDL prior to the mid-1990s, and between 1996 and 2006 all other states adopted a learner period of 2 months or more, a minimum supervised practice hours requirement for the learner period, or a night or passenger restriction once initially licensed. All but seven states have upgraded their original laws one or more times. Very few states weakened their laws, usually in minor ways. In 158 instances, minimum learner periods, minimum practice hour requirements, or night or passenger restrictions were added or strengthened. Fifteen states raised the minimum age for a license allowing any unsupervised driving. Conclusion: GDL policies have reduced teenage driver crashes. Most states now have at least minimum requirements for basic GDL features, although there is substantial opportunity for strengthening existing policies. Additional upgrades would result in further crash reductions, but very few have been made in recent years. Practical applications: Guidelines for maximizing the crash reduction potential of GDL programs are available, based on the experience of U.S. states, other countries with GDL programs, and the evaluation literature in regard to GDL components. (C) 2015 National Safety Council and Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.