Education Technology and Student Privacy
Education Technology and Student Privacy
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教育技术和学生隐私
DOI：
10.1017/9781316831960.004
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发表时间：
2018
影响因子：
3.2
通讯作者：
Elana Zeide
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Elana Zeide
教育越来越受到大数据的驱动。新的教育技术（艾德技术）创造了在线或通过移动的设备访问的虚拟学习环境。这些互动平台产生了以前无法想象的关于学生在课堂内外行为的信息阵列和细节。这些信息不仅可以推动教学、指导和学校管理，还可以更好地为学生、教育工作者、学校、艾德技术提供商和政策制定者提供与教育相关的决策。本章介绍这些创新的贝内，它们引起的隐私问题以及相关的法律。报告最后就不仅仅是遵守的最佳做法提出了建议。
数据驱动的教育工具有可能彻底改变教育系统，并在此过程中提供更多获得更高质量、更低成本教育的机会和更广泛的社会经济机会。学习者可以按需在线访问世界一流的教学，而无需亲自出席或参加昂贵的课程。例如，“个性化学习”平台使用详细的实时学习者信息自动调整教学、评估和指导，以满足特定学生的需求。在学习过程中收集的信息为研究人员提供了改进教学实践的素材。
尽管有潜在的贝内，但数据驱动的教育技术引发了新的隐私问题。随着艾德科技产业的兴起，学生信息的范围和数量在过去几年里呈爆炸式增长。学校依赖于由私人公司开发的教育软件，这些软件收集教室内外的学生信息。
教育背景的三个特点要求采取比消费者自慎制度更严格的隐私措施。
首先，学生隐私保护特别脆弱的个人-成熟的儿童和发展中的学习者。传统的规则试图防止学生早期的错误或灾难，以阻止未来的机会-众所周知的“永久记录”。
其次，学生很少有选择教育隐私的做法。在美国，每个州都实行义务教育，直到中学。由于实际的限制和确保教学平等的愿望，大多数学校在教室和全校范围内部署技术。
第三，在教育系统中，将营利性实体整合到学校信息流中仍然是新的。美国教育机构和支持组织，如考试提供者和认证机构，传统上是公共或非营利实体，其主要使命是促进学习和学术进步。
本章提出了一些最佳实践，以培养广泛接受新艾德技术和有效学习空间所需的信任。这些措施包括考虑传统的期望，即学生信息留在学校，而不是以商业环境为基础的买者自负，以及为利益相关者提供足够的透明度和问责制，以产生信任。
Education is increasingly driven by big data. New education technology (ed tech) creates virtual learning environments accessible online or via mobile devices. These interactive platforms generate a previously unimaginable array and detail of information about students’ actions both within and outside of classrooms. This information not only can drive instruction, guidance, and school administration, but also better inform education-related decision-making for students, educators, schools, ed tech providers, and policymakers. This chapter describes the benefits of these innovations, the privacy concerns they raise and the relevant laws in place. It concludes with recommendations for best practices that go beyond mere compliance.
Data-driven education tools have the potential to revolutionize the education system – and, in doing so, provide more access to better quality, lower-cost education and broader socioeconomic opportunity. Learners can access world-class instruction online on demand without having to be physically present or enroll in expensive courses. “Personalized learning” platforms, for example, use detailed, real-time learner information to adjust instruction, assessment, and guidance automatically to meet specific student needs. Information collected during the learning process gives researchers fodder to improve teaching practices.
Despite their potential benefits, data-driven education technologies raise new privacy concerns. The scope and quantity of student information has exploded in the past few years with the rise of the ed tech industry. Schools rely on educational software created by private companies that collect information about students both inside and outside of classroom spaces.
Three characteristics of the education context call for more stringent privacy measures than the caveat-emptor consumer regime.
First, student privacy protects particularly vulnerable individuals – maturing children and developing learners. Traditional rules seek to prevent students’ early mistakes or mishaps from foreclosing future opportunities – the proverbial “permanent record.”
Second, students rarely have a choice regarding educational privacy practices. In America, education is compulsory in every state into secondary school. Most schools deploy technology on a classroom- and school-wide basis due to practical constraints and a desire to ensure pedagogical equality.
Third, the integration of for-profit entities into the school information flow is still novel in the education system. American education institutions and supporting organizations such as test providers and accreditors have traditionally been public or non-profit entities with a primary mission to promote learning and academic advancement.
This chapter suggests best practices to cultivate the trust necessary for broad acceptance of new ed tech and effective learning spaces. These include accounting for traditional expectations that student information stays in schools, in contrast to the caveat emptor underpinning of the commercial context, as well as providing stakeholders with sufficient transparency and accountability to engender trust.