THE EFFECTS OF LEOPARD PREDATION ON GROUPING PATTERNS IN FOREST CHIMPANZEES
THE EFFECTS OF LEOPARD PREDATION ON GROUPING PATTERNS IN FOREST CHIMPANZEES
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DOI：
10.1163/156853991x00544
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发表时间：
1991-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
1.3
通讯作者：
BOESCH C
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
BOESCH C
在5年的时间里，在科特迪瓦塔伊国家公园的热带雨林中观察到或推断出黑猩猩和豹子之间的29种相互作用。黑猩猩在9起案件中赶走了豹子，在11起案件中救出了报警的黑猩猩（在4起案件中注意到了豹子的脚印或咆哮），9次豹子袭击了黑猩猩，其中6人受伤，4人死亡。其中两个后来肯定被豹子吃了。据估计，豹的捕食是泰埃黑猩猩死亡的第一个原因，个体黑猩猩每年可能经历0.30次捕食攻击的风险和0.055次死亡风险。泰黑猩猩专门适应他们的分组模式，以食物的可用性和捕食：丰富的食物和低捕食，党的规模增加和混合方更频繁，而具有相同的食物条件，但高捕食，党的规模下降和所有男性党类型增加。与数据分组模式的比较，从贡贝和Mahale黑猩猩生活在更开放的栖息地支持的假设，该物种适应自己的豹捕食，这是已知的热带稀树草原栖息地较低。在Lomako森林倭黑猩猩的分组模式似乎更类似于泰比贡贝或Mahale黑猩猩，这表明了类似的适应高捕食压力。
During a 5-year period, 29 interactions between chimpanzees and leopards have been observed or inferred in the tropical rainforest of the Tai National Park, Cote d'Ivoire. Chimpanzees chased away leopards in 9 cases, rescued alarm calling chimpanzees in 11 cases (in 4 of these footprints or growls of leopards were noted), 9 times leopards attacked chimpanzees, injuring 6 of them and killing 4. Two of the latters were most certainly eaten by the leopard later. Predation by leopards is estimated to be the first cause of mortaligy in the Taie chimpanzees and individual chimpanzees may experience a risk of predatory attack of 0.30 per year and a mortality risk of 0.055 per year. Tai chimpanzees adapt specifically their grouping patterns to food availability and to predation: with abundant food and low predation, party size increases and mixed parties are more frequent, whereas with the same food condition but with high predation, party size decreased and all-male party types increase. Comparisons with data grouping patterns from Gombe and Mahale chimpanzees living in more open habitats support the hypothesis that this species adapts itself to leopard predation which is known to be lower in savanna habitats. The grouping patterns of the bonobo in Lomako forest seem more similar to Tai than to Gombe or Mahale chimpanzees, suggesting an analogous adaptation to high predation pressure.